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Multi-Satellite SAR Missions in Earth Orbit: Programs and Studies

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Satellite Missions for Earth and Planetary Exploration".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 715

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa, Italy
Interests: SAR mission analysis and design; constellations; formations; mission simulation; orbit design; SAR perfomance analysis
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Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: SAR performance analysis; SAR design; formations; distributed sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Synthetic Aperture Radars have been operating in the Earth’s orbit since the L-band Seasat mission in 1978. For almost 30 years, only a few SAR satellites were launched. However, this began increasing from 2006 and accelerated significantly after 2018, with 111 out of 168 satellites launched since 2019. SAR satellites can be broadly classified—albeit with some exceptions—into three classes: (a) classical SAR satellites (mass of a few tons) with large rectangular antennas (mostly active phased arrays); (b) smaller satellites (mass of less than one ton) with parabolic reflector antennas; and (c) microsatellite spacecraft (mass below 100 kg/200 kg) with either parabolic reflector or active phased array antennas. Satellites of the latter class (e.g., Capella, ICEYE) are typically designed to work in constellation to improve temporal resolution and are responsible for the large increment of the number of orbiting SAR satellites (74 out of 168). In addition to constellations, SAR satellites could work in formation to implement distributed radar payload (e.g., TanDEM‑X).

The aim of this Special Issue is to explore programs and studies of multiple SAR systems, with satellites operating either in constellation or in formation. Systems with low-mass satellites are particularly solicited; however, contributions focused on larger satellites are also welcome.

Studies of interest include those addressing the design and implementation of multiple SAR systems. Below are a few examples:

  • Applications that could benefit from a multi-satellite approach;
  • Mission design for multiple SAR systems;
  • Design of distributed SAR;
  • Modular approach to satellite and system design;
  • Advanced antenna concepts;
  • Algorithms to synthetize radar images or final user products from multiple radar signals.

Prof. Dr. Marco D’Errico
Prof. Dr. Alfredo Renga
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mission design
  • small-satellite design
  • formation
  • constellation
  • distributed radar
  • SAR processing

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

21 pages, 14144 KB  
Article
Optimization of Formation Parameters for Single-Pass/Cross-Track Interferometry Through the Harmony Mission
by Federica Cotugno, Andreas Theodosiou, Björn Rommen, Michele Manunta, Riccardo Lanari, Maria Salvato, Francesca Pelliccia and Alfredo Renga
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(6), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18060877 - 12 Mar 2026
Viewed by 311
Abstract
In the framework of Harmony, the 10th ESA Earth Explorer mission, this paper presents a general methodology to optimize the formation parameters relevant to the single-pass, cross-track interferometry (XTI) configuration. The proposed method considers the requested height sensitivity and the maximum allowable temporal [...] Read more.
In the framework of Harmony, the 10th ESA Earth Explorer mission, this paper presents a general methodology to optimize the formation parameters relevant to the single-pass, cross-track interferometry (XTI) configuration. The proposed method considers the requested height sensitivity and the maximum allowable temporal lag and derives the formation parameters for an optimal coverage over different ranges of latitudes by leveraging the relative eccentricity and inclination vector formalism. Our approach addresses the problem of interferometric coherence through the wavenumber support alignment method which is able to take into account the specific geometry of XTI in Harmony, which is a long-baseline multistatic configuration with large squint angles. The analysis is completed by an estimate of the propellant budget, required to maintain the optimized formation, which can be used as a further trade-off parameter within the mission design process. The results indicate that the passively stable helix configuration (with relative eccentricity and inclination phase angles set to 90°) provides a robust solution at equatorial and mid-latitude regions with perpendicular baselines up to the order of 1 km and temporal lag below 10 ms. Conversely, for high-latitude and polar regions, two alternative strategies are identified, revealing a trade-off between enhanced interferometric performance and increased formation maintenance requirements. For polar regions, a first strategy adopts relative eccentric and phase angles of 10°, achieving satisfactory performance across most latitudes, whereas an alternative approach retains the value of 90° and optimizes the formation specifically for high latitudes. These two options result in distinct station-keeping demands since the former strategy requires a ΔV budget about two orders of magnitude higher, while the latter remains within a ΔV range that is typical for missions of the considered class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Satellite SAR Missions in Earth Orbit: Programs and Studies)
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