Optimizing Metal Extraction Processes: Recent Advances in Leaching Technology

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Separation Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 January 2026 | Viewed by 626

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Electromecánica Industrial, Universidad Tecnológica de Tulancingo, Tulancingo 43642, Mexico
Interests: metallurgy; leaching; hydrometallurgy; metals extraction; sustainable metallurgy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The metal-extraction process is a significant part of the recovery process. The main approaches adopted during the extraction process include pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, etc. Of these approaches, hydrometallurgy, specifically leaching, has become a promising process due to its desirable recovery rate and high-purity end product. Leaching is a process where a solid mixture dissolves, usually resulting in the formation of an inert or less soluble solid residue and a solute component, i.e., ions and uncharged aquo-complexes. Metal extraction processes are becoming more and more environmentally friendly, as techniques are used that do not result in the level of pollution caused by previous processes. In recent decades, clean extraction processes have been proposed, which are efficient and have high recovery percentages. Sustainable mineral leaching processes are widely researched by different scientists, as they seek a reduction in water consumption and in the use of reagents that are aggressive to the environment, as well as processes with higher recovery percentages. Improvements to the leaching processes already used can also be an alternative to improve metal extraction in an environmentally friendly way.

This Special Issue, “Optimizing Metal Extraction Processes: Recent Advances in Leaching Technology”, seeks high-quality works focusing on the latest novel advances in metal extraction processes. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Recent leaching technology;
  • Sustainable metallurgy processes;
  • Extractive metallurgy processes;
  • Environmentally friendly leaching processes;

Dr. Mizraim U. Flores
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • leaching
  • metals
  • extraction
  • metallurgy
  • novel processes
  • sustainable processes

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

24 pages, 8560 KB  
Article
Selective Removal of Arsenic and Antimony by Alkaline Leaching with Sodium Sulfide: Remediation of Metalloids-Contaminated Concentrates from Zimapán, Hidalgo, Mexico
by Gabriel Cisneros, Julio C. Juárez, Iván A. Reyes, Martín Reyes, Gustavo Urbano, Jesús I. Martínez, Aislinn M. Teja and Mizraim U. Flores
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3347; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103347 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 263
Abstract
Selective alkaline leaching was evaluated to remove arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) from a polymetallic copper concentrate from Zimapán, Mexico, where these metalloids cause environmental risk and smelter penalties. Batch tests used sodium sulfide (Na2S) in alkaline media, varying reagent concentrations [...] Read more.
Selective alkaline leaching was evaluated to remove arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) from a polymetallic copper concentrate from Zimapán, Mexico, where these metalloids cause environmental risk and smelter penalties. Batch tests used sodium sulfide (Na2S) in alkaline media, varying reagent concentrations and temperature; kinetic modeling identified the rate-controlling step, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) plus scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) assessed phase changes. The kinetic analysis indicated chemical control with a higher reaction order for Na2S than for NaOH. A quadratic regression described the process and identified Na2S concentration and temperature as the dominant factors. Maximum extractions reached 91.9% for As and 72.1% for Sb while limiting dissolution of value-bearing sulfides, as supported by XRD and SEM–EDS. Environmental indices (Igeo, EF) classified As and Sb as highly contaminating and geochemically enriched in the feed, underscoring the need for selective removal. Overall, alkaline leaching with Na2S provides a technically feasible and environmentally favorable route to remediate metalloids and upgrade polymetallic concentrates. Full article
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