Metal Complexes-Mediated Catalysis in Polymerization II

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 12271

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Guest Editor
Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Zografou, Greece
Interests: polymer synthesis; polymer characterization; self-assembly of copolymers in selective solvents
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the ultimate challenges in polymer chemistry is the development of new synthetic methods for the polymerization of a wide range of monomers leading to products with well-defined molecular characteristics (molecular weight and molecular weight distribution), stereochemistry, and architecture. In this respect, catalytic polymerization is now considered one of the most important research frontiers in polymer chemistry and technology. It has become the backbone of several significant branches of the plastics and rubber industries, occupying the most prominent place in the market.

Transition metal chemistry has witnessed spectacular growth in the past two decades. The design and application of transition metal complexes as catalysts have been recognized as the most powerful factors to achieve the polymerization of non-polar and polar monomers. Research has been mainly focused on the polymerization of the commercially most important monomers, such as ethylene, propylene, and α-olefins. However, other monomers, such as (meth)acrylates, lactones, lactides, and isocyanates, have been polymerized by catalytic polymerization techniques.

This Special Issue is focused on the recent developments in the synthesis of linear and non-linear homo- and copolymers by metal complexes-mediated catalytic polymerization. Polymerization of new monomers, the design and synthesis of novel catalytic species able to promote polymerization reactions, the kinetics of polymerization, mechanistic studies, the synthesis of complex macromolecular architectures in combination with other polymerization techniques, the molecular and structural characterization of the polymeric products, the preparation of polymer nanocomposites with inorganic materials (silica, alumina, clays, etc.), carbon nanotubes, and graphene are among the topics that will be covered. Catalytic species include Ziegler–Natta catalysts; metallocene and half-metallocene complexes of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups of the periodic table; non-metallocene complexes bearing diamido, alkylthio, amine-phenolate, etc.; ligands; late transition metal complexes based on nickel, palladium, copper and ruthenium, molybdenum, etc.; complexes for ring-opening metathesis polymerization reactions of cycloolefins and alkynes. Both original contributions and reviews are welcome.

Prof. Marinos Pitsikalis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Catalytic polymerization
  • Ziegler–Natta catalysts
  • Metallocene catalysts
  • Half-metallocene catalysts
  • Non-metallocene catalysts
  • Late-transition metal catalysts
  • Ring-opening metathesis polymerization catalysts
  • Linear and non-linear homo- and copolymers
  • Polymer nanocomposites
  • Polymerization kinetics
  • Polymerization mechanism
  • Molecular and structural characterization.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 995 KiB  
Article
Hafnium vs. Zirconium, the Perpetual Battle for Supremacy in Catalytic Olefin Polymerization: A Simple Matter of Electrophilicity?
by Antonio Vittoria, Georgy P. Goryunov, Vyatcheslav V. Izmer, Dmitry S. Kononovich, Oleg V. Samsonov, Francesco Zaccaria, Gaia Urciuoli, Peter H. M. Budzelaar, Vincenzo Busico, Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov, Dmitry V. Uborsky, Christian Ehm and Roberta Cipullo
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162621 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2598
Abstract
The performance of C2-symmetric ansa-hafnocene catalysts for isotactic polypropylene typically deteriorates at increasing temperature much faster than that of their zirconium analogues. Herein, we analyze in detail a set of five Hf/Zr metallocene pairs—including some of the latest generation catalysts—at [...] Read more.
The performance of C2-symmetric ansa-hafnocene catalysts for isotactic polypropylene typically deteriorates at increasing temperature much faster than that of their zirconium analogues. Herein, we analyze in detail a set of five Hf/Zr metallocene pairs—including some of the latest generation catalysts—at medium- to high-polymerization temperature. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models for stereoselectivity, the ratio allyl/vinyl chain ends, and 2,1/3,1 misinsertions in the polymer indicate a strong dependence of polymerization performance on electrophilicity of the catalyst, which is a function of the ligand framework and the metal center. Based on this insight, the stronger performance decline of hafnocenes is ascribed to electrophilicity-dependent stabilization effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes-Mediated Catalysis in Polymerization II)
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19 pages, 2176 KiB  
Article
Efficient Production of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) via ROCOP of Cyclohexene Oxide and CO2 Mediated by NNO-Scorpionate Zinc Complexes
by Sonia Sobrino, Marta Navarro, Juan Fernández-Baeza, Luis F. Sánchez-Barba, Agustín Lara-Sánchez, Andrés Garcés, José A. Castro-Osma and Ana M. Rodríguez
Polymers 2020, 12(9), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092148 - 21 Sep 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4740
Abstract
New mono- and dinuclear chiral alkoxide/thioalkoxide NNO-scorpinate zinc complexes were easily synthesized in very high yields, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed the different nuclearity of the new complexes as well as the variety of coordination modes of the [...] Read more.
New mono- and dinuclear chiral alkoxide/thioalkoxide NNO-scorpinate zinc complexes were easily synthesized in very high yields, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed the different nuclearity of the new complexes as well as the variety of coordination modes of the scorpionate ligands. Scorpionate zinc complexes 2, 4 and 6 were assessed as catalysts for polycarbonate production from epoxide and carbon dioxide with no need for a co-catalyst or activator under mild conditions. Interestingly, at 70 °C, 10 bar of CO2 pressure and 1 mol % of loading, the dinuclear thioaryloxide [Zn(bpzaepe)2{Zn(SAr)2}] (4) behaves as an efficient and selective one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) via ring-opening copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2, affording polycarbonate materials with narrow dispersity values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes-Mediated Catalysis in Polymerization II)
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21 pages, 2470 KiB  
Article
An Integrated High Throughput Experimentation/Predictive QSAR Modeling Approach to ansa-Zirconocene Catalysts for Isotactic Polypropylene
by Christian Ehm, Antonio Vittoria, Georgy P. Goryunov, Vyatcheslav V. Izmer, Dmitry S. Kononovich, Oleg V. Samsonov, Rocco Di Girolamo, Peter H. M. Budzelaar, Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov, Vincenzo Busico, Dmitry V. Uborsky and Roberta Cipullo
Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051005 - 27 Apr 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4281
Abstract
Compared to heterogenous Ziegler–Natta systems (ZNS), ansa-metallocene catalysts for the industrial production of isotactic polypropylene feature a higher cost-to-performance balance. In particular, the C2-symmetric bis(indenyl) ansa-zirconocenes disclosed in the 1990s are complex to prepare, less stereo- and/or regioselective [...] Read more.
Compared to heterogenous Ziegler–Natta systems (ZNS), ansa-metallocene catalysts for the industrial production of isotactic polypropylene feature a higher cost-to-performance balance. In particular, the C2-symmetric bis(indenyl) ansa-zirconocenes disclosed in the 1990s are complex to prepare, less stereo- and/or regioselective than ZNS, and lose performance at practical application temperatures. The golden era of these complexes, though, was before High Throughput Experimentation (HTE) could contribute significantly to their evolution. Herein, we illustrate a Quantitative Structure – Activity Relationship (QSAR) model trained on a robust and highly accurate HTE database. The clear-box QSAR model utilizes, in particular, a limited number of chemically intuitive 3D geometric descriptors that screen various regions of space in and around the catalytic pocket in a modular way thus enabling to quantify individual substituent contributions. The main focus of the paper is on the methodology, which should be of rather broad applicability in molecular organometallic catalysis. Then again, it is worth emphasizing that the specific application reported here led us to identify in a comparatively short time novel zirconocene catalysts rivaling or even outperforming all previous homologues which strongly indicates that the metallocene story is not over yet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes-Mediated Catalysis in Polymerization II)
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