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Relaxation Phenomena in Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Analysis and Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 3925

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 19, 81031 Aversa, Italy
Interests: polymers; glass transition; viscoelasticity; physical aging; constitutive equation; relaxation; thin films
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 19, 81031 Aversa, Italy
Interests: viscoelasticity; polymer processing; fatigue; nanocomposites; structural modeling; residual stresses; damage mechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue covers the relevant aspects of relaxation phenomena in polymers. The glassy state, viscoelasticity, and fracture mechanics are time-dependent phenomena that characterize the fundamental knowledge of polymers. From high-performance fiber composites to nanomaterials, the widespread use of polymers subtends the relaxation phenomena that determine their long-term properties. Among the others, the following arguments of physical and engineering interest are still open to debate in the literature:

  • The polymers’ time dependence induced by strain changes and temperature variations is ordinarily reported, but their coupling lacks a theoretical justification.
  • Structural relaxation effects during manufacturing operations generate the residual stresses in thermoplastic polymers. Their determination requires thermo-viscoelasticity formulations coupled with three-dimensional mechanics.
  • The residual stresses that arise during the manufacturing process, which involves chemical reactions, are the source of early flaw formation that triggers the development of other high-performance carbon/epoxy laminate damage mechanisms, influencing their lifetime. Calculating residual stresses in such materials requires coupling the thermosetting resin’s cure kinetics and the structural relaxation phenomena on a sound theoretical basis, which is still lacking.
  • Determining the properties of glassy polymers confined at the nanometric length scale, where one sample dimension is much lower than the statistical macromolecular dimension, is challenging and represents an open literature dilemma.

Dr. Luigi Grassia
Prof. Dr. Alberto D’Amore
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • viscoelasticity
  • polymer processing
  • nanocomposites
  • structural relaxation
  • residual stresses
  • time-dependent mechanics
  • fatigue

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2148 KiB  
Article
Correlating the Segmental Relaxation Time of Polystyrene
by C. A. Hieber
Polymers 2024, 16(15), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152154 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 793
Abstract
A previous related paper dealing with the density relaxation of polystyrene (PS) has shown that the equilibrium relaxation time (τeq) has a purely exponential temperature dependence (ETD) below ≈100 °C. Such an ETD is now also confirmed based upon available dielectric [...] Read more.
A previous related paper dealing with the density relaxation of polystyrene (PS) has shown that the equilibrium relaxation time (τeq) has a purely exponential temperature dependence (ETD) below ≈100 °C. Such an ETD is now also confirmed based upon available dielectric spectra data for PS. By combining the ETD behavior of τeq (or aT) at low temperatures with a VFTH behavior at higher temperatures (based mainly on available recoverable shear compliance data), a composite correlation for τeq (or aT) is developed, which is continuous with continuous slope at a crossover temperature that is found to be 99.22 °C, where τeq = 92.15 s. This composite representation is shown to describe (without any adjustable parameters) available independent data for the segmental relaxation time over a finite range both above and below Tcrossover (i.e., the glass transition temperature). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relaxation Phenomena in Polymers)
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15 pages, 10167 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Model to Predict the Relaxation Phenomena in Thermoset Polymers and Their Effects on Residual Stress during Curing, Part II: Numerical Evaluation of Residual Stress
by Raffaele Verde, Alberto D’Amore and Luigi Grassia
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1541; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111541 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1020
Abstract
This article proposes a numerical routine to predict the residual stresses developing in an epoxy component during its curing. The scaling of viscoelastic properties with the temperature and the degree of conversion is modeled, adopting a mathematical formulation that considers the concurrent effects [...] Read more.
This article proposes a numerical routine to predict the residual stresses developing in an epoxy component during its curing. The scaling of viscoelastic properties with the temperature and the degree of conversion is modeled, adopting a mathematical formulation that considers the concurrent effects of curing and structural relaxation on the epoxy’s viscoelastic relaxation time. The procedure comprises two moduli: at first, the thermal–kinetical problem is solved using the thermal module of Ansys and a homemade routine written in APDL, then the results in terms of temperature and the degree of conversion profiles are used to evaluate the viscoelastic functions, and the structural problem is solved in the mechanical module of Ansys, allowing the residual stresses calculation. The results show that the residual stresses mainly arise during cooling and scale with the logarithm of the Biot number. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relaxation Phenomena in Polymers)
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18 pages, 6423 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Model to Predict the Relaxation Phenomena in Thermoset Polymers and Their Effects on Residual Stress during Curing—Part I: A Theoretical Formulation and Numerical Evaluation of Relaxation Phenomena
by Raffaele Verde, Alberto D’Amore and Luigi Grassia
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101433 - 18 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1472
Abstract
This paper analyzes the effect of crosslinking reactions on a thermoset polymer’s viscoelastic properties. In particular, a numerical model to predict the evolution of epoxy’s mechanical properties during the curing process is proposed and implemented in an Ansys APDL environment. A linear viscoelastic [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the effect of crosslinking reactions on a thermoset polymer’s viscoelastic properties. In particular, a numerical model to predict the evolution of epoxy’s mechanical properties during the curing process is proposed and implemented in an Ansys APDL environment. A linear viscoelastic behavior is assumed, and the scaling of viscoelastic properties in terms of the temperature and degree of conversion is modeled using a modified version of the TNM (Tool–Narayanaswamy–Mohynian) model. The effects of the degree of conversion and structural relaxation on epoxy’s relaxation times are simultaneously examined for the first time. This formulation is based on the thermo-rheological and chemo-rheological simplicities hypothesis and can predict the evolution of epoxy’s relaxation phenomena. The thermal–kinetic reactions of curing are implemented in a homemade routine written in APDL language, and the structural module of Ansys is used to predict the polymer’s creep and stress relaxation curves at different temperatures and degrees of conversion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relaxation Phenomena in Polymers)
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