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Chitosan, Chitin, and Cellulose Nanofiber Biomaterials II

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A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 10076

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo

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Guest Editor

1. Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
2. Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
3. Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Interests: polymers; polymer chemistry; polymer physical chemistry; biomaterials; hydrogels; composites; scaffolds; spun fibers; nanofibers; additive manufacturing; tissue engineering; 3D bioprinting; biocompatible materials; biopolymers; polysaccharides; polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles; colloids; biodegradable materials; organ-on-a-chip; drug controlled release; mechanical properties; functional polymer materials; microparticles; beads; X-ray scattering techniques, microstructure characterization; knitted fabrics; membranes; coatings; biomedical applications; biosensors
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is increasing interest in using natural polymers and fiber-filled composites to achieve the development of functional biomaterials for varied applications. Commonly used biopolymers include the polysaccharides chitosan, chitin, and cellulose, and their derivatives. Chitosan is a copolymer of β(1®4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl D-glucosamine, mainly produced by the deacetylation of chitin—the second most abundant polysaccharide worldwide, most commonly found in crustacean cuticle. The degree of acetylation and molecular weight are the most important parameters of a copolymer, defining the physico-chemistry and properties of the chitinous compound. Chitosan structurally belongs to the glycosaminoglycan family, for which bioactivity has been revealed in tissue engineering studies centered on skin, bone, cartilage, and, more recently, intervertebral disc. The biocompatibility of chitinous biomaterial, together with its bioactivity, suggests its great potential for biomedical applications. Fundamental research relating chitosan/chitin physico-chemistry with biological properties is only addressed by a relatively minor number of studies.

Many biological materials consist of composites reinforced by fibers. Native cellulose presents a microfibrillated structure consisting of crystalline (40-80%) and amorphous regions. The microfibrils present a very high aspect ratio, and are very large in length, with diameters of a few tens of nanometers and a width of the elementary fibrils of around 5 nm. The unique mechanical properties and renewability of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have increasingly motivated their use as filler in nanocomposites. These nanoreinforcements have the advantages of efficient production and valorization in comparison to other natural and synthetic fibers. As a nanomaterial, questions of CNF toxicity and environmental impact have been addressed. Good CNF biocompatibility has been reported. Chitosan bioactivity and the outstanding mechanical properties of CNF, with non-toxic properties and low environmental risk, promise safe biomedical applications.

This Special Issue is focused on all types of biomaterials (biological materials, bio-based materials and biomaterials for biomedical applications) utilizing chitosan, chitin, and/or cellulose nanofibers. Special attention will be given to studies fulfilling the following criteria: (i) obtaining insights into the microstructure–properties relationship in both biological and engineering materials; and (ii) improving the current understanding of biopolymer physical–chemical behavior to achieve appropriate biomaterial physical forms and properties for target applications and functionalities, by interrelating processing, microstructure, function and the biological response. An emphasis is placed on biomedical applications, but this Special Issue will not be limited to this field.

Prof. Dr. Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

chitosan
chitin
cellulose nanofibers
composites
biomaterials
drug delivery
tissue engineering
3D (bio)printing
micro-/nanoparticles
hydrogels
fibers
scaffolds

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Cellulose Derivatives and Chitosan-Based Polymers to Investigate the Effect of Permeation Enhancers Added to In Situ Nasal Gels for the Controlled Release of Loratadine and Chlorpheniramine

by Prasanth Viswanadhan Vasantha, Sheri Peedikayil Sherafudeen, Mohamed Rahamathulla, Sam Thomarayil Mathew, Sandhya Murali, Sultan Alshehri, Faiyaz Shakeel, Prawez Alam, Ala Yahya Sirhan and Bhageerathy Anantha Narayana Iyer

Polymers 2023, 15(5), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051206 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1445

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to develop and assess mucoadhesive in situ nasal gel formulations of loratadine and chlorpheniramine maleate to advance the bioavailability of the drug as compared to its conventional dosage forms. The influence of various permeation enhancers, such as EDTA (0.2% w/v), sodium taurocholate (0.5% w/v), oleic acid (5% w/v), and Pluronic F 127 (10% w/v), on the nasal absorption of loratadine and chlorpheniramine from in situ nasal gels containing different polymeric combinations, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Carbopol 934, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and chitosan, is studied. Among these permeation enhancers, sodium taurocholate, Pluronic F127 and oleic acid produced a noticeable increase in the loratadine in situ nasal gel flux compared with in situ nasal gels without permeation enhancer. However, EDTA increased the flux slightly, and in most cases, the increase was insignificant. However, in the case of chlorpheniramine maleate in situ nasal gels, the permeation enhancer oleic acid only showed a noticeable increase in flux. Sodium taurocholate and oleic acid seems to be a better and efficient enhancer, enhancing the flux > 5-fold compared with in situ nasal gels without permeation enhancer in loratadine in situ nasal gels. Pluronic F127 also showed a better permeation, increasing the effect by >2-fold in loratadine in situ nasal gels. In chlorpheniramine maleate in situ nasal gels with EDTA, sodium taurocholate and Pluronic F127 were equally effective, enhancing chlorpheniramine maleate permeation. Oleic acid has a better effect as permeation enhancer in chlorpheniramine maleate in situ nasal gels and showed a maximum permeation enhancement of >2-fold. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Chitin, and Cellulose Nanofiber Biomaterials II)

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16 pages, 3418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogels

by Karol K. Kłosiński, Radosław A. Wach, Małgorzata K. Girek-Bąk, Bożena Rokita, Damian Kołat, Żaneta Kałuzińska-Kołat, Barbara Kłosińska, Łukasz Duda and Zbigniew W. Pasieka

Polymers 2023, 15(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010144 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2917

Abstract

Hydrogels have the properties of solid substances and are useful for medicine, e.g., in systems for the controlled release of drugs or as wound dressings. They isolate the wound from the external environment and constitute a barrier to microorganisms while still being permeable to oxygen. In the current study, hydrogels were formed from concentrated aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) via electron beam irradiation, with the presence of a crosslinking agent: poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate. The aim of the study was to compare the properties and action of biopolymer CMCS hydrogels with commercial ones and to select the best compositions for future research towards wound-dressing applications. The elasticity of the gel depended on the component concentrations and the irradiation dose employed to form the hydrogel. Young’s modulus for the tested hydrogels was higher than for the control material. The Live/Dead test performed on human fibroblasts confirmed that the analyzed hydrogels are not cytotoxic, and for some concentrations, they cause a slight increase in the number of cells compared to the control. The biocompatibility studies carried out on laboratory rats showed no adverse effect of hydrogels on animal tissues, confirming their biocompatibility and suggesting that CMCS hydrogels could be considered as wound-healing dressings in the future. Ionizing radiation was proven to be a suitable tool for CMCS hydrogel synthesis and could be of use in wound-healing therapy, as it may simultaneously sterilize the product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Chitin, and Cellulose Nanofiber Biomaterials II)

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30 pages, 6723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lignocellulosic-Based Materials from Bean and Pistachio Pod Wastes for Dye-Contaminated Water Treatment: Optimization and Modeling of Indigo Carmine Sorption

by Gaël Ferdinand Kazé Nindjio, Rufis Fregue Tiegam Tagne, Sherman Lesly Zambou Jiokeng, Cyrille Ghislain Fotsop, Aurelien Bopda, Giscard Doungmo, Ranil Clément Tonleu Temgoua, Ingo Doench, Estella Tamungang Njoyim, Arnaud Kamdem Tamo, Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo and Ignas Kenfack Tonle

Polymers 2022, 14(18), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183776 - 9 Sep 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

In this work, biomass lignocellulosic materials extracted via chemical and physical treatments from bean and pistachio pod waste were used for the optimized elimination of Indigo Carmine (IC) from aqueous medium, using a design of experiments methodology. The physicochemical properties of the studied materials (raw and treated counterparts) used for the sorption of IC were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with EDX, and thermal analysis. Key variables influencing the adsorption of IC, namely the initial IC concentration, the pH of the solution, the stirring time and the mass of adsorbents, were optimized by the central composite design (CCD) with three center points, the measured response being the amount of IC adsorbed. The optimal conditions obtained from the statistical analysis for the removal of IC were as follows: maximum adsorbed amounts of IC: 1.81 mg/g, 2.05 mg/g, 3.56 mg/g; 7.42 mg/g, 8.95 mg/g, 15.35 mg/g, for raw bean pods (RBS), BST1 and BST2 (bean pods chemically treated), and for raw pistachio pods (RPS), PST1 and PST2 (pistachio pods chemically treated), respectively. The pseudo-second-order nonlinear kinetics model well described the IC adsorption kinetics for RBS, BST1 and BST2, while the Elovich model was properly fitted by RPS, PST1, and PST2 biomaterials data. The Freundlich isotherm best described the shrinkage of IC on different sorbents. The good correlation of the experimental data of the IC with respect to the Freundlich isotherm indicated a multilayer adsorption with heterogeneous adsorption sites and different energies. The interest of this work consisted in developing analytical methods for the treatment of water polluted by dyes by using biosorbents, local biological materials widely available and inexpensive. The results collected in this work highlighted the interesting structural, morphological, and physico-chemical properties of the agro-waste used in the study, which properties allowed an important fixation of the target dye in solution. The research showed that the agro-waste used in the study are possible precursors to locally manufacture adsorbents at low cost, thus allowing the efficient removal of waste and dyes in liquid effluents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Chitin, and Cellulose Nanofiber Biomaterials II)

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Review

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21 pages, 2900 KiB

Open AccessReview

Scaffold Using Chitosan, Agarose, Cellulose, Dextran and Protein for Tissue Engineering—A Review

by Antony V. Samrot, Mahendran Sathiyasree, Sadiq Batcha Abdul Rahim, Robinson Emilin Renitta, Kasirajan Kasipandian, Sivasuriyan Krithika Shree, Deenadhayalan Rajalakshmi, Nagarajan Shobana, Shanmugaboopathi Dhiva, Sasi Abirami, Sridevi Visvanathan, Basanta Kumar Mohanty, Gokul Shankar Sabesan and Suresh V. Chinni

Polymers 2023, 15(6), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061525 - 19 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3233

Abstract

Biological macromolecules like polysaccharides/proteins/glycoproteins have been widely used in the field of tissue engineering due to their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix of tissue. In addition to this, these macromolecules are found to have higher biocompatibility and no/lesser toxicity when compared to synthetic polymers. In recent years, scaffolds made up of proteins, polysaccharides, or glycoproteins have been highly used due to their tensile strength, biodegradability, and flexibility. This review is about the fabrication methods and applications of scaffolds made using various biological macromolecules, including polysaccharides like chitosan, agarose, cellulose, and dextran and proteins like soy proteins, zein proteins, etc. Biopolymer-based nanocomposite production and its application and limitations are also discussed in this review. This review also emphasizes the importance of using natural polymers rather than synthetic ones for developing scaffolds, as natural polymers have unique properties, like high biocompatibility, biodegradability, accessibility, stability, absence of toxicity, and low cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Chitin, and Cellulose Nanofiber Biomaterials II)

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