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Plants
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Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases
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Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 20968

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Attila L. Ádám

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, 1022 Budapest, H-1525, P.O. Box 102, Hungary
Interests: active oxygen species (AOS); acquired resistance; salicylic acid; systemic immunity; N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid; plant–virus interactions; signal transduction; R-gene-mediated resistance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Lorant Király

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022 Budapest, H-1525 P.O. Box 102, Hungary
Interests: plant virus resistance mechanisms; symptomless resistance; hypersensitive reaction; role of cell death in plant disease resistance; contribution of reactive oxygen species; antioxidants; salicylic acid and glutathione to plant defenses during pathogen attack
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will focus on molecular, biochemical, and morphological aspects of disease resistance mechanisms during plant–pathogen interactions, including defenses to viruses, phytoplasmas, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and double infections. Other novel approaches to the characterization of plant–pathogen interactions and descriptions of newly discovered plant–pathogen complexes are also appreciated.

The main topics of interest are listed below:

  • Resistance mechanisms to phytoplasmas—an emerging area of research, including the role of vector organisms;
  • Signal transduction during induction of acquired resistance (immunity) in plants;
  • Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants as components of plant resistance to pathogens;
  • Identification of resistance mechanisms in newly discovered plant–pathogen interactions;
  • New ways to control phytophthora diseases—a group of plant pathogens with emerging significance;
  • RNA interference (RNAi) processes during plant disease resistance.

Dr. Attila L. Ádám
Dr. Lorant Király
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Acquired resistance (immunity)
  • Defense-related signal transduction
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Antioxidants
  • RNA interference (RNAi)
  • Emerging plant pathogens (phytophthora, phytoplasma, and other species)
  • Plant hormone mediated resistance

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3634 KiB  
Article
Molecular Dissection of Cucumis metuliferus Resistance against Papaya Ringspot Virus by Grafting
by Jen-Ren Chen, Shang-Ling Ou, Ting-Iun Nieh, Chih-Yu Lu and Hsin-Mei Ku
Plants 2020, 9(12), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121666 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1755
Abstract
Vegetable crops of the genus Cucumis are very popular worldwide and have great market value. However, their fruit quality and yield are hindered by viral diseases. C. metuliferus is considered a wild species with resistance to viral diseases that is lacking in cultivated [...] Read more.
Vegetable crops of the genus Cucumis are very popular worldwide and have great market value. However, their fruit quality and yield are hindered by viral diseases. C. metuliferus is considered a wild species with resistance to viral diseases that is lacking in cultivated crops of the Cucumis genus, such as melon. The C. metuliferus line L37 shows extreme resistance against Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-HA), whereas line L35 is a susceptible line. In this study, reciprocal grafting experiments between L35 and L37 were performed, and the PRSV-HA strain was pre-inoculated in the rootstock leaves. The results revealed that the resistance signal in the L37 rootstock could transmit and provide resistance to the L35 scion. Subsequently, double sandwich grafting was performed using the pre-inoculated L35 as the rootstock, which was then grafted onto the L37 intermediate and the L35 scion. The results showed that PRSV-HA RNA accumulated in the L35 rootstock leaf, petiole, and stem tissues, whereas PRSV-HA RNA accumulated in some intermediate and scion petiole and stem tissues. No HCPro RNA was detected in the L35 scion leaves. The results showed that the suppression of the virus occurred in the leaves, and the resistance effect spread from the rootstock in the scion direction. Hence, this study has demonstrated that RNA silencing of systemic signals is responsible for L37 resistance against PRSV. C. metuliferus L37 could provide a valuable resistance source for crops of the Cucumis species against viral diseases through grafting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases)
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18 pages, 4521 KiB  
Article
Inhibitory Mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani
by Saiyaremu Halifu, Xun Deng, Xiaoshuang Song, Ruiqing Song and Xu Liang
Plants 2020, 9(7), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070912 - 19 Jul 2020
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4672
Abstract
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in nature. As a biological control agent of agricultural pests, Trichoderma species have been widely studied in recent years. This study aimed to understand the inhibitory mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani [...] Read more.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in nature. As a biological control agent of agricultural pests, Trichoderma species have been widely studied in recent years. This study aimed to understand the inhibitory mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani through the side-by-side culture of T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. To this end, we investigated the effect of volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 on the mycelium growth and enzyme activity of R. solani and analyzed transcriptome data collected from side-by-side culture. T. virens ZT05 has a significant antagonistic effect against R. solani. The mycelium of T. virens ZT05 spirally wraps around and penetrates the mycelium of R. solani and inhibits the growth of R. solani. The volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 have significant inhibitory effects on the growth of R. solani. The nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 significantly affect the mycelium proteins of R. solani, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), soluble proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Twenty genes associated with hyperparasitism, including extracellular proteases, oligopeptide transporters, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), chitinases, glucanases, and proteases were found to be upregulated during the antagonistic process between T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. Thirty genes related to antibiosis function, including tetracycline resistance proteins, reductases, the heat shock response, the oxidative stress response, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters, and multidrug resistance transporters, were found to be upregulated during the side-by-side culture of T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. T. virens ZT05 has a significant inhibitory effect on R. solani, and its mechanism of action is associated with hyperparasitism and antibiosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases)
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15 pages, 2400 KiB  
Article
The Xylanase Inhibitor TAXI-I Increases Plant Resistance to Botrytis cinerea by Inhibiting the BcXyn11a Xylanase Necrotizing Activity
by Silvio Tundo, Maria Chiara Paccanaro, Ibrahim Elmaghraby, Ilaria Moscetti, Renato D’Ovidio, Francesco Favaron and Luca Sella
Plants 2020, 9(5), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050601 - 08 May 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2996
Abstract
During host plant infection, pathogens produce a wide array of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to break the plant cell wall. Among CWDEs, xylanases are key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, the main component of hemicellulose. Targeted deletion experiments support the direct [...] Read more.
During host plant infection, pathogens produce a wide array of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to break the plant cell wall. Among CWDEs, xylanases are key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, the main component of hemicellulose. Targeted deletion experiments support the direct involvement of the xylanase BcXyn11a in the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea. Since the Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor-I (TAXI-I) has been shown to inhibit BcXyn11a, we verified if TAXI-I could be exploited to counteract B. cinerea infections. With this aim, we first produced Nicotiana tabacum plants transiently expressing TAXI-I, observing increased resistance to B. cinerea. Subsequently, we transformed Arabidopsis thaliana to express TAXI-I constitutively, and we obtained three transgenic lines exhibiting a variable amount of TAXI-I. The line with the higher level of TAXI-I showed increased resistance to B. cinerea and the absence of necrotic lesions when infiltrated with BcXyn11a. Finally, in a droplet application experiment on wild-type Arabidopsis leaves, TAXI-I prevented the necrotizing activity of BcXyn11a. These results would confirm that the contribution of BcXyn11a to virulence is due to its necrotizing rather than enzymatic activity. In conclusion, our experiments highlight the ability of the TAXI-I xylanase inhibitor to counteract B. cinerea infection presumably by preventing the necrotizing activity of BcXyn11a. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases)
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Review

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31 pages, 2785 KiB  
Review
The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense—A Road to Disease Resistance
by András Künstler, Gábor Gullner, Attila L. Ádám, Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy and Lóránt Király
Plants 2020, 9(12), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121705 - 03 Dec 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6185
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses [...] Read more.
Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases)
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21 pages, 4314 KiB  
Review
Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress
by Bernd Zechmann
Plants 2020, 9(9), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091067 - 20 Aug 2020
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 4566
Abstract
Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell [...] Read more.
Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell death, and triggers resistance. The accumulation of glutathione in chloroplasts and peroxisomes at the early stages of plant pathogen interactions is related to increased tolerance and resistance. The collapse of the antioxidative system in these two cell compartments at the later stages leads to cell death through retrograde signaling. The cytosol can be considered to be the switchboard during biotic stress where glutathione is synthesized, equally distributed to, and collected from different cell compartments. Changes in the redox state of glutathione and the accumulation of ROS in the cytosol during biotic stress can initiate the activation of defense genes in nuclei through pathways that involve salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxins, and abscisic acid. This review dissects the roles of glutathione in individual organelles during compatible and incompatible bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and explores the subcelluar roles of ROS, glutathione, ascorbate, and related enzymes in the development of resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases)
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