Fabrication of Optical Fiber and Fiber Amplifiers: From Design to Applications

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 10333

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Interests: specialty optical fibers; optical fiber sensors; optical fiber lasers; optical fiber amplifiers

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Interests: microwave photonics; specialty optical fibers; optical fiber sensors

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin, China
Interests: novel optical fiber design; optical fiber lasers; optical fiber amplifiers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The earliest development stage of optical fibers benefited from peoples’ pursuit of high-capacity communication. Apart from light transmission, optical fibers can also be utilized in sensing, filtering, amplification, and lasering. Different applications have incubated innovation in materials, structures, and fabrication methods of optical fibers. In terms of materials, substrates (such as silica and soft silica), polymers, and dopants (such as erbium, ytterbium, fluorine, and bismuth) are utilized to manufacture optical fibers with different functions. As for the structures, in addition to the traditional double-layered core-cladding fiber structure, multi-layered, multi-core, and micro-structured optical fibers are also developed. The fabrication of optical fibers involves methods such as vapor deposition methods, microtapering, and even 3D printing. Moreover, a combination of different materials, structures, and fabrication methods has led to the innovation and improvement of various functional fiber optic devices, such as FBGs and fiber interferometers. More materials, structures, and fabrication methods can be developed and improved to meet the new requirements of different applications.

Fiber amplifiers comprise an important branch of fiber optic devices. There are two main categories of fiber amplifiers: rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers (such as erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs)) and nonlinear fiber amplifiers (such as fiber Raman amplifiers and fiber Brillouin amplifiers). EDFAs are widely used in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. Larger capacity communication systems pose new demands for fiber amplifiers. For example, mode division multiplexing (MDM) and space division multiplexing (SDM) systems require few high-performance mode EDFAs and multi-core EDFAs. EDFAs mainly operate in the C-band and L-band. In order to expand the wavelength band and further improve the communication capacity, other rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers (such as bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers), fiber Raman amplifiers, and fiber Brillouin amplifiers also need to be studied and improved.

This Special Issue on “Fabrication of Optical Fiber and Fiber Amplifier: From Design to Applications” will welcome basic, methodological, and cutting-edge research contributions, as regular and review papers that focus on:

  • The development and improvement of materials, and design and fabrication methods for optical fibers;
  • Specialty optical fibers, such as micro-structured optical fibers and polymer fibers;
  • Special erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), such as few-mode EDFAs and multicore EDFAs;
  • Other rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers, such as bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers;
  • Nonlinear fiber amplifiers, including fiber Raman amplifiers and fiber Brillouin amplifiers;
  • Applications based on optical fibers and fiber amplifiers, such as optical fiber sensors and optical fiber lasers.

Dr. Shiying Xiao
Dr. Beilei Wu
Dr. Yudong Lian
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical fibers
  • specialty optical fibers
  • optical fiber amplifiers
  • EDFAs
  • rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers
  • fiber Raman amplifiers
  • fiber Brillouin amplifiers
  • optical fiber sensors
  • optical fiber lasers

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (8 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 2840 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of a Hybrid S-Band Amplifier Based on Two Parametric Wavelength Converters and an Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
by Cheng Guo, Afshin Shamsshooli, Michael Vasilyev, Youichi Akasaka, Paparao Palacharla, Ryuichi Sugizaki and Shigehiro Takasaka
Photonics 2025, 12(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12020100 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 727
Abstract
Multi-band optical communication presents a promising avenue for the significant enhancement of fiber-optic transmission capacity without incurring additional costs related to new cable deployment via the utilization of the bandwidth beyond the established C&L bands. However, a big challenge in its field implementation [...] Read more.
Multi-band optical communication presents a promising avenue for the significant enhancement of fiber-optic transmission capacity without incurring additional costs related to new cable deployment via the utilization of the bandwidth beyond the established C&L bands. However, a big challenge in its field implementation lies in the high cost and suboptimal performance of optical amplifiers, stemming from the underdeveloped state of rare-earth-doped fiber-optic amplifier technologies for these bands. Fiber-optic parametric amplifiers provide an alternative for wideband optical amplification, yet their low power efficiency limits their practical use in the field. In this paper, we study a hybrid optical amplifier that combines the excellent power efficiency of rare-earth-doped amplifiers with broadband wavelength conversion capability of parametric amplifiers. It uses wavelength converters to shift signals between the S- and L-bands, amplifying them with an L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier, and converting them back to the S-band. We experimentally demonstrate such a hybrid S-band amplifier, characterize its performance with 16-QAM input signals, and evaluate its power efficiency and four-wave-mixing-induced crosstalk. This hybrid approach paves the way for scalable expansion of optical communication bands without waiting for advancements in rare-earth-doped amplifier technology. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2763 KiB  
Article
Random Emission and Control of Whispering Gallery Mode Using Flexible Optical Fiber
by Bingyang Cao, Zhen He and Weili Zhang
Photonics 2025, 12(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010029 - 1 Jan 2025
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Axially uniform optical fibers provide a low-cost, scalable platform for the emission of whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasers. This paper proposes a method for generating and controlling WGM lasers based on the design of a flexible optical fiber array structure. By adjusting the [...] Read more.
Axially uniform optical fibers provide a low-cost, scalable platform for the emission of whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasers. This paper proposes a method for generating and controlling WGM lasers based on the design of a flexible optical fiber array structure. By adjusting the spacing between the flexible fibers, the coupling relationship between different WGM modes is modulated, achieving a transition from regular to random WGM (R-WGM) mechanisms. Additionally, the application of this laser in information security encryption is demonstrated and explored. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 12914 KiB  
Article
Crossing and Anticrossing in Bent All-Glass Leakage Channel Microstructured Optical Fibers: The Effect of Polymer Coating
by Alexander N. Denisov, Vladislav V. Dvoyrin and Sergey L. Semjonov
Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121204 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 582
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical study of the bending properties of all-glass leakage channel microstructured optical fibers (LC MOFs) with a polymer coating over a bending radius range from 4.8 cm to 10 cm. The dependencies of the effective [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical study of the bending properties of all-glass leakage channel microstructured optical fibers (LC MOFs) with a polymer coating over a bending radius range from 4.8 cm to 10 cm. The dependencies of the effective refractive indices of the LC MOF modes on the bending radius have a number of crossings and anticrossings for different mode pairs. A detailed analysis showed that eight modes for each polarization have to be considered to correctly calculate the bending losses. These modes can be classified into relatively strong modes (three for each polarization) and relatively weak modes. The three strong modes have the most direct effect on the loss calculation. However, the relatively weaker modes also play a role through their coupling with the stronger modes, resulting in the appearance of local loss maxima in the loss dependencies for the strong modes. At a bending radius of 10 cm, the final leakage loss of the LC MOFs with a polymer coating is approximately four times lower than that of the LC MOFs without a coating. The significant reduction in losses paves the way for further optimization of the LC MOF geometric structure, leading to a reduction in the allowable bending radius. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3428 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Graded-Index Raman Fiber Amplifiers with Pump Depletion
by Sonali Maity, Anuj P. Lara, Samudra Roy and Govind P. Agrawal
Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111081 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 777
Abstract
Graded-index (GRIN) fibers are often used for making high-power Raman amplifiers. We employ numerical and semi-analytical techniques to model such amplifiers and include not only the signal’s amplification and pump’s depletion but also various nonlinear interactions between the signal and pump beams and [...] Read more.
Graded-index (GRIN) fibers are often used for making high-power Raman amplifiers. We employ numerical and semi-analytical techniques to model such amplifiers and include not only the signal’s amplification and pump’s depletion but also various nonlinear interactions between the signal and pump beams and the self-imaging effects within the GRIN fiber. We solve the coupled nonlinear equations of the pump and signal beams numerically. We also employ the variational technique to obtain simpler equations that can be solved much faster than the full model and still agree with it in most cases of practical interest. We discuss the evolution dynamics of the pump and signal beams, along with a novel process of energy exchange between the two beams because of self-imaging inside the GRIN fiber. The dependence of the signal’s amplification on various input parameters is analyzed in detail to optimize the device’s design and enhance the signal’s amplification for a given pump power and fiber length. Based on our analysis, we establish a resonant condition for the maximum energy transfer from the pump to the signal being amplified. We further show that the periodic self-imaging of the pump and signal beams inside a GRIN fiber leads to higher output powers compared to step-index fibers. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 12773 KiB  
Article
Anticrossing and Mode Coupling in Bent All-Glass Leakage Channel Microstructured Optical Fibers with Large Mode Area
by Alexander N. Denisov, Vladislav V. Dvoyrin and Sergey L. Semjonov
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100985 - 19 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 816
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical study of the bending properties of original all-glass leakage channel microstructured optical fibers (LC MOFs) over a bending radius range from 3 cm to 11 cm. These LC MOFs contain two layers of fluorine-doped [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical study of the bending properties of original all-glass leakage channel microstructured optical fibers (LC MOFs) over a bending radius range from 3 cm to 11 cm. These LC MOFs contain two layers of fluorine-doped silica glass elements with reduced refractive index, different diameters, and different distances between them. We determined the spatial distributions of the electric field components of different modes in addition to the usual parameters such as effective refractive indices, bending losses, and spatial intensity distributions. A detailed analysis showed that three modes for each polarization have to be considered to correctly calculate the bending losses. Two pairs of these three modes couple in two distinct bending radius ranges, specifically near 3.68 cm and near 5.95 cm, and the mode coupling in these pairs is resonant. The resulting bending losses of the LC MOF for two polarizations are very close to each other and have two maxima at bending radii of 3.68 cm and 5.95 cm. However, the nature of these maxima is not resonant; they are caused by the combined influence of all three modes, each of which has specific dependencies of losses and other parameters on the bending radius that exhibit quasi-resonant behavior near the corresponding bending radii. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2287 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Assessment of the Effect of Concatenating Arbitrary Uncoupled Multicore Fiber Segments on Intercore Crosstalk in Long-Haul Communication Links
by João L. Rebola and Adolfo V. T. Cartaxo
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100929 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Random core dependent loss (CDL) has been shown to increase the direct average intercore crosstalk (ICXT) power in long-haul uncoupled multicore fiber (MCF) links. Longer links are composed of multiple MCF segments, and random CDL may arise on these links from manufacturing imperfections. [...] Read more.
Random core dependent loss (CDL) has been shown to increase the direct average intercore crosstalk (ICXT) power in long-haul uncoupled multicore fiber (MCF) links. Longer links are composed of multiple MCF segments, and random CDL may arise on these links from manufacturing imperfections. During link implementation, other random effects may arise and enhance the ICXT power. In this work, the effect of concatenating MCF segments with random characteristics on the direct average ICXT power in long-haul links is assessed numerically by studying the influence of the randomness of segment length, coupling coefficient, and random CDL on the mean, standard deviation, relative spread, and excess kurtosis of the ICXT power. The numerical results show that the segment length randomness marginally affects the ICXT power. For 2000 km long links and a 6 dB maximum random variation of the coupling coefficients, the mean almost doubles and the standard deviation almost triples, relative to considering only random CDL. However, the effect of the coupling coefficients randomness on the relative spread and excess kurtosis is reduced, not affecting significantly the nearly Gaussian distribution of the direct average ICXT power and the excess of direct average ICXT power (less than a 0.26 dB increase relative to considering only random CDL). Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1824 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Discrete Wavelet Transform–Non-Local Means for Multimode Fiber Optic Vibration Signal
by Zixuan Peng, Kaimin Yu, Yuanfang Zhang, Peibin Zhu, Wen Chen and Jianzhong Hao
Photonics 2024, 11(7), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070645 - 7 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1763
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of heartbeat signals using multimode fiber optic microvibration sensing technology is crucial for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, but the heartbeat signals are very weak and susceptible to noise interference, leading to inaccurate diagnostic results. In this paper, a combined enhanced discrete wavelet [...] Read more.
Real-time monitoring of heartbeat signals using multimode fiber optic microvibration sensing technology is crucial for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, but the heartbeat signals are very weak and susceptible to noise interference, leading to inaccurate diagnostic results. In this paper, a combined enhanced discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and non-local mean estimation (NLM) denoising method is proposed to remove noise from heartbeat signals, which adaptively determines the filtering parameters of the DWT-NLM composite method using objective noise reduction quality assessment metrics by denoising different ECG signals from multiple databases with the addition of additive Gaussian white noise (AGW) with different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The noise reduction results are compared with those of NLM, enhanced DWT, and conventional DWT combined with NLM method. The results show that the output SNR of the proposed method is significantly higher than the other methods compared in the range of −5 to 25 dB input SNR. Further, the proposed method is employed for noise reduction of heartbeat signals measured by fiber optic microvibration sensing. It is worth mentioning that the proposed method does not need to obtain the exact noise level, but only the adaptive filtering parameters based on the autocorrelation nature of the denoised signal. This work greatly improves the signal quality of the multimode fiber microvibration sensing system and helps to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

28 pages, 8139 KiB  
Review
The Structure and Applications of Fused Tapered Fiber Optic Sensing: A Review
by Siqi Ban and Yudong Lian
Photonics 2024, 11(5), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050414 - 30 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3135
Abstract
Tapered optical fibers have continuously evolved in areas such as distributed sensing and laser generation in recent years. Their high sensitivity, ease of integration, and real-time monitoring capabilities have positioned them as a focal point in optical fiber sensing. This paper systematically introduces [...] Read more.
Tapered optical fibers have continuously evolved in areas such as distributed sensing and laser generation in recent years. Their high sensitivity, ease of integration, and real-time monitoring capabilities have positioned them as a focal point in optical fiber sensing. This paper systematically introduces the structures and characteristics of various tapered optical fiber sensors, providing a comprehensive overview of their applications in biosensing, environmental monitoring, and industrial surveillance. Furthermore, it offers insights into the developmental trends of tapered optical fiber sensing, providing valuable references for future related research and suggesting potential directions for the further advancement of optical fiber sensing. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop