Neural Networks in Optical Communications and Optical Computing: Implementation, Applications, and Prospects

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Communication and Network".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 3286

Editors

The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
Interests: intelligent optical network

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Guest Editor
College of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
Interests: optical networks; underwater communication networks; network optimization; network sensors; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: communication network; network security; machine learning system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the convergence of artificial intelligence and photonic technologies has opened new frontiers in the design, optimization, and control of optical networks. Neural networks are increasingly being leveraged to enhance network performance and automate management. Meanwhile, photonic neural networks, built upon the inherent advantages of ultrafast and energy-efficient photonic computing, are emerging as a promising paradigm for real-time signal processing and intelligent decision-making directly in the optical domain. This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for researchers to share their latest advances, experimental demonstrations, and theoretical developments in the integration of neural networks and photonic technologies for optical networking. Contributions addressing innovative architectures, algorithms, devices, and applications are particularly encouraged. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • AI-driven optical network control, optimization, and management;
  • Neural network-based fault diagnosis and performance prediction;
  • Photonic neural networks for high-speed signal processing;
  • Optical computing and machine learning accelerators;
  • Hybrid electronic–photonic architectures for intelligent communications;
  • Learning-based optical network design and resource allocation;
  • Hardware implementations and experimental demonstrations;
  • Emerging trends in intelligent, self-adaptive optical networks.

Articles, perspectives, and reviews are all welcome.

Dr. Zhiqun Gu
Dr. Ruikun Wang
Dr. Qiaolun Zhang
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • neural networks
  • photonic neural networks
  • optical networks
  • artificial intelligence
  • photonics
  • optical signal processing
  • intelligent optical communications
  • optical computing
  • optical fiber systems
  • machine learning in photonics

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1921 KB  
Article
Node-Selective Cross-Layer Routing for Delay-Differentiated Services in Fine-Grained Optical Transport Networks
by Xin Du, Yuhui Wang, Yunxin Lv and Shuna Yang
Photonics 2026, 13(7), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13070645 - 2 Jul 2026
Viewed by 301
Abstract
Fine-grained optical transport networks (fgOTNs) have attracted increasing interest in recent years for their ability to deliver small-granularity services with high flexibility and efficiency. To further improve the performance of fgOTNs in delivering small-granularity services having diverse delay requirements, this paper proposes and [...] Read more.
Fine-grained optical transport networks (fgOTNs) have attracted increasing interest in recent years for their ability to deliver small-granularity services with high flexibility and efficiency. To further improve the performance of fgOTNs in delivering small-granularity services having diverse delay requirements, this paper proposes and investigates a node-selective cross-layer service routing (NSCR) algorithm. By selecting a path based on both wavelength occupation and the quantity of currently active services that can be aggregated in the last optical hop, and by selecting proper intermediate nodes to participate in fgOTN layer exchange and aggregation under service delay constraints, the service blocking rate is reduced and resource utilization is maximized. Further, a variation of the proposed NSCR scheme is investigated that incorporates load balancing by selecting a path based on wavelength occupation, currently active service routes, and the remaining bandwidth. The performance of the two schemes is evaluated under both the NSFNET and Cost239 topologies, and the results demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed schemes in terms of wavelength utilization rate and service blocking rate while satisfying the diverse delay requirements of different services. Full article
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13 pages, 2871 KB  
Article
CFBG Dispersion Compensation Tailored to Actual Fiber Dispersion
by Yang Yang, Ke Ma, Ruyi Yu and Daofu Han
Photonics 2026, 13(6), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13060556 - 5 Jun 2026
Viewed by 426
Abstract
Fiber dispersion causes pulse broadening and signal distortion. Existing dispersion compensation approaches depend on standardized dispersion parameters at specific wavelengths (e.g., 1550 nm), which often mismatch actual fiber dispersion, leading to residual dispersion. We develop a Sagnac ring interferometry and electro-optic modulation system, [...] Read more.
Fiber dispersion causes pulse broadening and signal distortion. Existing dispersion compensation approaches depend on standardized dispersion parameters at specific wavelengths (e.g., 1550 nm), which often mismatch actual fiber dispersion, leading to residual dispersion. We develop a Sagnac ring interferometry and electro-optic modulation system, combined with machine learning, to accurately characterize the C-band dispersion curve of a G.652D fiber, and inversely design a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) for tailored compensation. However, when attempting to quantify the residual dispersion numerically, conventional differentiation methods yield physically implausible results. Monte Carlo simulations confirm this fundamental unreliability, yielding a 95% confidence interval of 319,605 ps/(nm·km). To circumvent this limitation, we propose a joint evaluation method based on refractive index flatness and group delay uniformity. Within 1545–1555 nm, both indicators fluctuate by no more than 0.015% relative to their means, confirming that residual dispersion has been effectively suppressed. This approach provides a precise, personalized compensation mechanism applicable to optical fibers with individual dispersion characteristics, offering a controllable path for adaptive dispersion compensation in high-speed communication systems. Full article
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24 pages, 2013 KB  
Article
Capacity-Enhanced Li-Fi Transmission Using Autoencoder-Based Latent Representation: Performance Analysis Under Practical Optical Links
by Serin Kim, Yong-Yuk Won and Jiwon Park
Photonics 2026, 13(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13040356 - 8 Apr 2026
Viewed by 545
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC)-based Li-Fi systems suffer from limitations in transmission capacity expansion due to the restricted modulation bandwidth of LEDs. In this study, a latent representation-based NRZ-OOK Li-Fi transmission framework that exploits the statistical feature distribution of the latent space is proposed [...] Read more.
Visible light communication (VLC)-based Li-Fi systems suffer from limitations in transmission capacity expansion due to the restricted modulation bandwidth of LEDs. In this study, a latent representation-based NRZ-OOK Li-Fi transmission framework that exploits the statistical feature distribution of the latent space is proposed to improve transmission efficiency without expanding the physical bandwidth. An autoencoder is employed to transform input images into low-dimensional latent vectors, which are then quantized and modulated for transmission. At the receiver, hard decision and inverse quantization are performed, and the image is reconstructed through a trained decoder by leveraging the distribution characteristics of the latent representation. The effective transmission capacity gain Gcap is defined to quantify the amount of representable information relative to the original data under the same physical link resources according to the latent dimension, achieving up to a 49-fold data representation efficiency. The experimental results over practical optical links (0.5–1.5 m) showed that, in short-range conditions, larger latent dimensions maintained higher reconstruction PSNR, whereas under channel degradation conditions, smaller latent dimensions exhibited higher robustness, demonstrating a performance inversion phenomenon. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the dominant factor governing reconstruction performance shifts from the representational capability of the data to error accumulation characteristics depending on the channel condition. These results suggest that the latent representation-based transmission framework is an effective Li-Fi strategy that can simultaneously consider transmission efficiency and channel robustness through information representation optimization in bandwidth-limited environments. Full article
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19 pages, 2330 KB  
Article
Mercury: Accelerating 3D Parallel Training with an AWGR-WSS-Based All-Optical Reconfigurable Network
by Shi Feng, Jiawei Zhang, Huitao Zhou, Xingde Li and Yuefeng Ji
Photonics 2026, 13(3), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13030286 - 16 Mar 2026
Viewed by 903
Abstract
The network traffic of 3D parallel training in large-scale deep learning, featuring burstiness, hot-spots, and periodic large-bandwidth patterns, severely challenges network efficiency, necessitating a high-performance and flexible optical network solution. To address this, this paper proposes Mercury, a hybrid optical network based on [...] Read more.
The network traffic of 3D parallel training in large-scale deep learning, featuring burstiness, hot-spots, and periodic large-bandwidth patterns, severely challenges network efficiency, necessitating a high-performance and flexible optical network solution. To address this, this paper proposes Mercury, a hybrid optical network based on physical optical components: its optical timeslot switching (OTS) subnet uses an arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) and tunable lasers for dynamic traffic, while the optical circuit switching (OCS) subnet relies on wavelength selective switches (WSSs) for low-latency high-bandwidth transmission, which is coordinated by selective valiant load balancing (S-VLB) and most efficient path configuration (MEPC) mechanisms. Validated via simulations and FPGA-based testbed experiments, Mercury outperforms the Sirius network by reducing epoch training time (e.g., 179s with five jobs) and relieving OTS congestion through offloading large flows to OCS. This work demonstrates that Mercury provides a flexible, high-performance physical optical solution for 3D parallel training of large-scale deep learning models. Full article
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