Innovations in Preclinical Drug Development: Efficacy, Safety, and Translational Strategies

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Drug Targeting and Design".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2026) | Viewed by 730

Special Issue Editors

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
Interests: drug design; molecular glue degrader; antibody-drug conjugate; glutamine metabolism; innovative drug development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China
Interests: preclinical drug; drugability evaluation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Preclinical drug development is undergoing transformative innovation, focused on enhancing the predictive accuracy of candidate compound efficacy, safety assessment, and clinical translation success. In efficacy optimization, multi-omics technologies (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics) combined with AI-driven target identification and compound design significantly accelerate the discovery of highly selective and potent molecules. Advanced disease models (e.g., organoids, 3D co-cultures, humanized animal models) more accurately replicate the human microenvironment, improving the clinical relevance of efficacy evaluations. Safety assessment innovations emphasize early detection of off-target effects and mechanistic toxicity analysis. This is achieved through high-content screening, microphysiological systems (MPS), and computational toxicology models (e.g., QSAR, deep learning), enabling early warning of critical risks such as hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Key translational strategies include: (1) Integrated biomarker development to establish quantitative links between pharmacodynamics (PD) and disease progression; (2) Application of the Three Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) to optimize experimental design, reducing animal use while enhancing data quality; and (3) Implementation of fail-fast decision-making based on robust, quantifiable safety margins with strong translational relevance. These systematic innovations aim to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical research, reduce late-stage attrition, and deliver safer, more effective therapeutic options to patients.

We look forward to receiving your contributions

Dr. Xi Xu
Dr. Hongxi Wu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • preclinical drug development
  • drug design
  • advanced disease models
  • three Rs principles
  • molecular glue degrader
  • antibody-drug conjugate
  • glutamine metabolism

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (1 paper)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

33 pages, 6311 KB  
Article
Melphalan and Curcumin Induce Apoptosis in Retinoblastoma Cells Associated with STAT3 Signaling Modulation
by Erkan Duman, Aydın Maçin, İlhan Özdemir and Mehmet Cudi Tuncer
Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18050540 - 28 Apr 2026
Viewed by 455
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Retinoblastoma treatment remains limited by therapeutic resistance and toxicity. While melphalan is a key chemotherapeutic agent, its efficacy is constrained by adverse effects. Curcumin has emerged as a potential adjunct owing to its capacity to regulate oxidative stress and oncogenic signaling [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Retinoblastoma treatment remains limited by therapeutic resistance and toxicity. While melphalan is a key chemotherapeutic agent, its efficacy is constrained by adverse effects. Curcumin has emerged as a potential adjunct owing to its capacity to regulate oxidative stress and oncogenic signaling pathways, including STAT3. This study aimed to assess the synergistic tumor-inhibitory effects of melphalan–curcumin combined treatment and to investigate the roles of ROS, apoptosis, and STAT3-associated signaling, including validation in a three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid model. Materials and Methods: Human retinoblastoma (WERI-Rb-1) and normal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells were exposed to melphalan, curcumin and the combined treatment regimen. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay, and drug interactions were analyzed using the Chou–Talalay method. Migration was evaluated by scratch assay. Intracellular ROS levels were quantified using the DCFH-DA assay and confirmed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was quantified by Annexin V/PI staining, and caspase activity was assessed colorimetrically and by immunocytochemistry. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA, and gene expression profiling of STAT3 and apoptosis-associated genes were performed using qRT-PCR. Three-dimensional tumor spheroids were established to evaluate treatment responses in a physiologically relevant model. The contribution of ROS was further investigated using N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment. Results: The combination of melphalan and curcumin notably reduced WERI-Rb-1 cell viability in a synergistic manner (CI < 1) while exhibiting lower cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells, indicating selective antitumor activity. Co-treatment markedly inhibited cell migration and increased intracellular ROS levels. Cells pretreated with NAC significantly reduced ROS levels accumulation and moderately restored cellular viability, supporting a contributory role of oxidative stress. The combination treatment induced pronounced apoptosis, with increased early and late apoptotic cell populations, enhanced caspase-7 and caspase-9 activity, and elevated caspase-9 protein expression. These effects were associated with upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes (BAX, CASP3, CASP7, CASP9), downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2, SURVIVIN), and reduction in STAT3 mRNA expression. In addition, the combination reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Importantly, these effects were recapitulated in 3D tumor spheroids, where the combination treatment reduced spheroid size and viability and induced structural disruption. NAC-mediated rescue experiments in 3D models further supported the notion that ROS contributes to, but is not solely responsible for, the observed effects. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that melphalan and curcumin exert synergistic and selective antitumor effects in retinoblastoma cells, associated with changes consistent with ROS-related effects, mitochondrial apoptotic processes, and STAT3-related transcriptional alterations rather than definitive pathway activation. The validation of these effects in a 3D tumor spheroid model provides additional support for the potential clinical significance of this combined treatment; however, additional protein-level and functional validation is required. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop