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Pathogens
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Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals
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Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 14730

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Teng Lee Lee Jade

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Interests: oral microbiology; novel microbes discovery; microbial genomics; diagnostic microbiology; emerging infectious diseases; antimicrobial resistance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Man Lung Yeung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Interests: emerging infectious diseases; disease pathogenesis; virus-host interactions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few decades, we have seen a rise in emerging infectious diseases in humans, over 60% of which are zoonotic. Some viruses, especially zoonotic viruses, can evolve rapidly to adapt to new hosts displaying enhanced virulence and possibly causing epidemics or pandemics. The epidemics/pandemics caused by influenza viruses, Zika virus, Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and most recently, SARS-CoV-2 clearly exemplify the ability of emerging viruses to pose serious threats to human health within a short time. Since the number of emerging viruses is growing rapidly, new knowledge and research are needed for the effective investigation, prevention, and control of emerging viral diseases.

This Special Issue will present manuscripts on different aspects of viral diseases in both humans and animals. Topics of interest include (but are not limited to): epidemiology, viral evolution, disease pathogenesis, virus–host interactions, diagnostic methods, and antiviral therapeutics against emerging viruses. Original research articles and reviews are welcome.

Dr. TENG Lee Lee Jade
Dr. YEUNG Man Lung
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Epidemiology
  • Evolution
  • Pathogenesis
  • Virus-host interaction
  • Diagnostic
  • Antiviral

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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16 pages, 3679 KiB  
Article
The Experimental Infection of Goats with Small Ruminant Morbillivirus Originated from Barbary Sheep
by Milovan Milovanović, Klaas Dietze, Sunitha Joseph, Ulrich Wernery, Ajith Kumar, Joerg Kinne, Nissy Georgy Patteril and Bernd Hoffmann
Pathogens 2022, 11(9), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090991 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2052
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary contagious disease in domestic small ruminants. Infections with the small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) were regularly found in wildlife, with unknown roles in PPR epidemiology. In order to access infection dynamics and virulence, we infected German [...] Read more.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary contagious disease in domestic small ruminants. Infections with the small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) were regularly found in wildlife, with unknown roles in PPR epidemiology. In order to access infection dynamics and virulence, we infected German Edelziege goats intranasally with a SRMV isolate that originated from Barbary sheep from an outbreak in the United Arab Emirates. Six goats were infected with cell culture-isolated SRMV, and two goats were kept in contact. Goats were daily monitored, and clinical score was recorded. EDTA blood, nasal, conjunctival and rectal swab samples were collected for the detection of SRMV genome load and serum for serological analysis. Short incubation period in infected (4 to 5 dpi) as well as in contact goats (9 dpi) was followed by typical clinical signs related to PPR. The highest viral load was detectable in conjunctival and nasal swab samples with RT-qPCR and rapid pen-side test. Specific antibodies were detected at 7 dpi in infected and 14 dpi in contact goats. In general, high virulence and easy transmission of the virus originated from wildlife in domestic goats was observed. The virus isolate belongs to Asian lineage IV, genetically related to Chinese and Mongolian strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals)
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15 pages, 73890 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology and Comparative Analyses of the S Gene on Feline Coronavirus in Central China
by Hehao Ouyang, Jiahao Liu, Yiya Yin, Shengbo Cao, Rui Yan, Yi Ren, Dengyuan Zhou, Qiuyan Li, Junyi Li, Xueyu Liao, Wanfeng Ji, Bingjie Du, Youhui Si and Changmin Hu
Pathogens 2022, 11(4), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040460 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4097
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infections present as one of two forms: a mild or symptom-less enteric infection (FEC) and a fatal systemic disease termed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The lack of epidemiology of FCoV in central China and the reason why different symptoms are [...] Read more.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infections present as one of two forms: a mild or symptom-less enteric infection (FEC) and a fatal systemic disease termed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The lack of epidemiology of FCoV in central China and the reason why different symptoms are caused by viruses of the same serotype have motivated this investigation. Clinical data of 81 suspected FIP cases, 116 diarrhea cases and 174 healthy cases were collected from veterinary hospitals using body cavity effusion or fecal samples. Risk factors, sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results indicated that FIPV was distinguished from FECV in the average hydrophobicity of amino acids among the cleavage sites of furin, as well as the mutation sites 23,531 and 23,537. FIPV included a higher minimal R-X-X-R recognition motif of furin (41.94%) than did FECV (9.1%). The serotype of FCoV was insignificantly correlated with FIP, and the clade 1 and clade 2 strains that appeared were unique to central China. Thus, it is hypothesized that this, along with the latent variables of an antigenic epitope at positions 1058 and 1060, as well as mutations at the S1/S2 sites, are important factors affecting FCoV transmission and pathogenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals)
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13 pages, 17144 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a Nigerian Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolate after Experimental Infection of Cattle
by Janika Wolff, Eeva Tuppurainen, Adeyinka Adedeji, Clement Meseko, Olayinka Asala, Jolly Adole, Rebecca Atai, Banenat Dogonyaro, Anja Globig, Donata Hoffmann, Martin Beer and Bernd Hoffmann
Pathogens 2022, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010016 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3350
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), together with sheeppox virus and goatpox virus, belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae. Collectively, they are considered the most serious poxvirus diseases of agricultural livestock. Due to their severe clinical course and consequent loss [...] Read more.
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), together with sheeppox virus and goatpox virus, belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae. Collectively, they are considered the most serious poxvirus diseases of agricultural livestock. Due to their severe clinical course and consequent loss of production, as well as high mortality of naïve small and large ruminant populations, they are known to have a significant impact on the economy and global trade restrictions of affected countries. Therefore, all capripox diseases are classified as notifiable under the guidelines of the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). Since the 1970s, several outbreaks of LSD have been recorded in Nigeria. Until now, only a little information on the virus strains leading to the reported outbreaks have been published, dealing mainly with the phylogenetic relationship of those strains and the description of field outbreaks. During the present study, we experimentally infected cattle with a low-passage Nigerian LSDV strain isolated from a skin sample of LSD positive cattle in Nigeria in 2018. Clinical, molecular and serological data indicate that this LSDV isolate is highly pathogenic in cattle since it induced a severe clinical course and approximately 33% mortality in naïve Holstein Friesian cattle after experimental infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals)
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13 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Evolution of Hunnivirus Carried by Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi: The First Epidemiological Evidence from Southern China
by Minyi Zhang, Qiushuang Li, Fei Wu, Zejin Ou, Yongzhi Li, Fangfei You and Qing Chen
Pathogens 2021, 10(6), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060661 - 28 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
Hunnivirus is a novel member of the family Picornaviridae. A single species, Hunnivirus A, is currently described. However, there is limited information on the identification of Hunnivirus to date, and thereby the circulation of Hunnivirus is not fully understood. Thus, the [...] Read more.
Hunnivirus is a novel member of the family Picornaviridae. A single species, Hunnivirus A, is currently described. However, there is limited information on the identification of Hunnivirus to date, and thereby the circulation of Hunnivirus is not fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, genomic characteristics, and evolution of rat hunnivirus in southern China. A total of 404 fecal samples were subjected to detection of Hunnivirus from urban rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi) using PCR assay based on specific primers targeted to partial 3D regions, with the prevalence of 17.8% in Rattus norvegicus and 15.6% in Rattus tanezumi. An almost full-length rat hunnivirus sequence (RatHuV/YY12/CHN) and the genome structure were acquired in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1 coding regions suggested the RatHuV/YY12/CHN sequence was found to be within the genotype of Hunnivirus A4. The negative selection was further identified based on analysis of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates. The present findings suggest that hunniviruses are common in urban rats. Further research is needed for increased surveillance and awareness of potential risks to human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals)
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6 pages, 929 KiB  
Brief Report
Usefulness of Next-Generation Sequencing in Excluding Bovine Leukemia Virus as a Cause of Adult Camel Leukosis in Dromedaries
by Ulrich Wernery, Jade L. L. Teng, Yuanchao Ma, Joerg Kinne, Man-Lung Yeung, Safna Anas, Susanna K. P. Lau and Patrick C. Y. Woo
Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12080995 - 29 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Adult camel leukosis is an emerging hematological and neoplastic disease in dromedaries. It has been hypothesized that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or its genetic variants may be associated with adult camel leukosis. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect all [...] Read more.
Adult camel leukosis is an emerging hematological and neoplastic disease in dromedaries. It has been hypothesized that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or its genetic variants may be associated with adult camel leukosis. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect all possible viruses in five lung samples from five dromedaries with histopathological evidence of adult camel leukosis and four tissue samples from two control dromedaries. A total throughput of 114.7 Gb was achieved, with an average of 12.7 Gb/sample. For each sample, all the pair-end 151-bp reads were filtered to remove rRNA sequences, bacterial genomes and redundant sequences, resulting in 1–7 Gb clean reads, of which <3% matched to viruses. The largest portion of these viral sequences was composed of bacterial phages. About 100–300 reads in each sample matched “multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus”, but manual analysis showed that they were only repetitive sequences commonly present in mammalian genomes. All viral reads were also extracted for analysis, confirming that no BLV or its genetic variants or any other virus was detected in the nine tissue samples. NGS is not only useful for detecting microorganisms associated with infectious diseases, but also important for excluding an infective cause in scenarios where such a possibility is suspected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Emerging Viral Pathogens in Humans and Animals)
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