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Pathogens
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Mosquito-Borne Viruses
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Mosquito-Borne Viruses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2024) | Viewed by 7133

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fabrizio Montarsi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy
Interests: medical and veterinary entomology
Dr. Eva Veronesi

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department for Environment Constructions and Design, Institute of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
Interests: medical and veterinary entomology; virus-vector interaction; public and animal health; food safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global travels and trades combined with global warming have increased the risk of the introduction and expansion of viruses and their vectors worldwide, with mosquitoes presenting as the main vectors of viruses causing diseases in humans and animals. These viruses include flaviviruses, such as Dengue, Zika, Yellow fever, and the West Nile viruses, and viruses belonging to other virus families, such as Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, and Sindbis viruses. In recent decades, novel mosquito viruses have been discovered, and their potential danger to human and animal health is a real concern.

The aim of this Special Issue is to report on data depicting the current epidemiology of viral mosquito-borne diseases caused by viruses, findings of viruses in field-caught mosquitoes, studies investigating the vector competence of mosquitoes for viruses of significance to health, studies on virus–mosquito interactions, and the discovery of novel mosquito-transmitted viruses.

The Special Issue entitled "Mosquito-Borne Viruses" aims to present recent research concerning any aspect of mosquito-transmitted viruses and their vectors. All manuscript types are welcome, including reviews, research articles, and short communications.

Some focal points include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. Mosquito–virus epidemiology;
  2. Mosquito–virus interaction;
  3. Mosquito virus detection;
  4. Mosquito-borne diseases.

Dr. Fabrizio Montarsi
Dr. Eva Veronesi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 1904 KiB  
Article
Identification of Potential Vectors and Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mosquitoes Collected Before and During the 2022 Outbreak in Rwanda
by Isidore Nsengimana, Emmanuel Hakizimana, Jackie Mupfasoni, Jean Nepomuscene Hakizimana, Augustino A. Chengula, Christopher J. Kasanga and Gillian Eastwood
Pathogens 2025, 14(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14010047 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus of One Health importance that caused two large outbreaks in Rwanda in 2018 and 2022. Information on vector species with a role in RVFV eco-epidemiology in Rwanda is scarce. Here we sought to [...] Read more.
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus of One Health importance that caused two large outbreaks in Rwanda in 2018 and 2022. Information on vector species with a role in RVFV eco-epidemiology in Rwanda is scarce. Here we sought to identify potential mosquito vectors of RVFV in Rwanda, their distribution and abundance, as well as their infection status. Since an outbreak of RVF occurred during the study period, data were obtained both during an interepidemic period and during the 2022 Rwanda RVF outbreak. Five districts of the eastern province of Rwanda were prospected using a combination of unbaited light traps and Biogents (BG Sentinel and Pro) traps baited with an artificial human scent during three periods, namely mid-August to mid-September 2021, December 2021, and April to May 2022. Trapped mosquitoes were morphologically identified and tested for viral evidence using both RT-PCR and virus isolation methods on a Vero cell line. A total of 14,815 adult mosquitoes belonging to five genera and at least 17 species were collected and tested as 765 monospecific pools. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most predominant species representing 72.7% of total counts. Of 527 mosquito pools collected before the 2022 outbreak, a single pool of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed evidence of RVFV RNA. Of 238 pools collected during the outbreak, RVFV was detected molecularly from five pools (two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus, two pools of Anopheles ziemanni, and one pool of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato), and RVFV was isolated from the two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus, from Kayonza and Rwamagana districts, respectively. Minimum infection rates (per 1000 mosquitoes) of 0.4 before the outbreak and 0.6–7 during the outbreak were noted. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicates that RVFV detected in these mosquitoes is closely related to viral strains that circulated in livestock in Rwanda and in Burundi during the same RVF outbreak in 2022. The findings reveal initial evidence for the incrimination of several mosquito species in the transmission of RVFV in Rwanda and highlight the need for more studies to understand the role of each species in supporting the spread and persistence of RVFV in the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Viruses)
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8 pages, 1048 KiB  
Communication
First Detection of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Mosquitoes in Switzerland, 2022
by Stefania Cazzin, Nicole Liechti, Damian Jandrasits, Eleonora Flacio, Christian Beuret, Olivier Engler and Valeria Guidi
Pathogens 2023, 12(12), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121424 - 7 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2212
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widespread flaviviruses in the world, and in recent years, it has been frequently present in many Mediterranean and Eastern European countries. A combination of different conditions, such as a favourable climate and higher seasonal [...] Read more.
West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widespread flaviviruses in the world, and in recent years, it has been frequently present in many Mediterranean and Eastern European countries. A combination of different conditions, such as a favourable climate and higher seasonal average temperatures, probably allowed its introduction and spread to new territories. In Switzerland, autochthonous cases of WNV have never been reported, and the virus was not detected in mosquito vectors until 2022, despite an entomological surveillance in place in Canton Ticino, southern Switzerland, since 2010. In 2022, 12 sites were monitored from July to October, using BOX gravid mosquito traps coupled with honey-baited FTA cards. For the first time, we could detect the presence of WNV in FTA cards and mosquitoes in 8 out of the 12 sampling sites monitored, indicating an unexpectedly widespread circulation of the virus throughout the territory. Positive findings were recorded from the beginning of August until mid-October 2022, and whole genome sequencing analysis identified a lineage 2 virus closely related to strains circulating in Northern Italy. The entomological surveillance has proved useful in identifying viral circulation in advance of possible cases of WNV infection in humans or horses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Viruses)
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13 pages, 1600 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Impact of Consecutive Blood Meals on Vector Competence of Aedes albopictus for Chikungunya Virus
by Eva Veronesi, Anca Paslaru, Julia Ettlin, Damiana Ravasi, Eleonora Flacio, Matteo Tanadini and Valeria Guidi
Pathogens 2023, 12(6), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060849 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1659
Abstract
The continuous expansion of Aedes albopictus in Europe and the increases in autochthonous arboviruses transmissions in the region urge a better understanding of the virus transmission dynamic. Recent work described enhanced chikungunya virus (CHIKV) dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exposed to a virus-free [...] Read more.
The continuous expansion of Aedes albopictus in Europe and the increases in autochthonous arboviruses transmissions in the region urge a better understanding of the virus transmission dynamic. Recent work described enhanced chikungunya virus (CHIKV) dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exposed to a virus-free blood meal three days after their infection with CHIKV. Our study investigated the impact of a second blood meal on the vector competence of Ae. albopictus from southern Switzerland infected with CHIKV. Seven-day-old Ae. albopictus females were exposed to CHIKV-spiked blood and incubated at constant (27 °C) and fluctuating (14–28 °C) temperatures. Four days post-infection (dpi), some of these females were re-fed with a non-infectious blood meal. Virus infectivity, dissemination, transmission rate, and efficiency were investigated at seven and ten dpi. No enhanced dissemination rate was observed among females fed a second time; however, re-fed females have shown higher transmission efficiency than those fed only once after seven days post-infection and incubated under a fluctuating temperature regime. Vector competence for CHIKV was confirmed in Ae. albopictus from southern Switzerland. We did not observe an increase in dissemination rates among mosquitoes fed a second time (second blood meal), regardless of the temperature regime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Viruses)
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13 pages, 436 KiB  
Systematic Review
Correlation Between West Nile Virus and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
by Maria Marnezi, Aristotelis Tsiakalos and Karolina Akinosoglou
Pathogens 2024, 13(12), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121129 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1078
Abstract
Background: West Nile Virus [WNV] is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. It has spread globally, causing asymptomatic to severe neurological diseases in humans, with an increased risk in older adults and those with underlying conditions. This review examines WNV’s impact on pregnancy, focusing on maternal [...] Read more.
Background: West Nile Virus [WNV] is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. It has spread globally, causing asymptomatic to severe neurological diseases in humans, with an increased risk in older adults and those with underlying conditions. This review examines WNV’s impact on pregnancy, focusing on maternal and neonatal symptoms and risks. Methods: This systematic review included primary studies from “PUBMED” and “SCOPUS” databases, as well as Google and Google Scholar, conducted in July 2024 using the appropriate keywords. This review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and utilized the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for bias assessment. Results: Seven primary studies were included in the systematic review. Fever was the predominating symptom, including neurological manifestations, respiratory symptoms, myalgia, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and rashes. Delivery, in most cases, progressed without any complications, while no infection was noted. Most of the neonates had a normal Apgar score, and their developmental functions did not seem to be affected. Even though, antibodies against WNV were detected in breast milk, no association with transmission to the neonate was observed. Conclusions: WNV infection is mostly associated with favorable outcomes during pregnancy. However, larger cohorts are needed to confirm our conclusions. Prompt diagnosis and public health surveillance are pivotal to eliminate disease transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Viruses)
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