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Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition
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Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Micronutrients and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 March 2025) | Viewed by 18061

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jennifer Gjerde

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
Interests: nutrition; vitamins; vitamin D; food safety; metabolism; breast cancer; mass spectrometry; micro plastic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic diseases such as respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes cause 57% of all deaths globally. Chronic conditions can result in a variety of adverse health effects, such as depression and disability, can have an impact on wellbeing, and can also be costly. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to be associated with common chronic diseases such as bone metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Thus, the role and effect of vitamin D should be further explored. Studying risk factors based on vitamin D intake and metabolism may lead to novel and timely interventions.

Considering the success of the previous Special Issue, entitled "Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases", we are pleased to announce that we are launching a second Special Issue on this topic. The objective of this Special Issue is to publish reviews, clinical trials or experimental studies that focus on the role of vitamin D in chronic diseases. Your expert contributions to this Special Issue of Nutrients are highly appreciated.

Dr. Jennifer Gjerde
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • vitamin D
  • chronic disease
  • respiratory disease
  • cardiovascular disease
  • cancer
  • diabetes
  • depression
  • disability
  • nutrition
  • diets
  • metabolism
  • enzymes
  • Cytochrome P-450 (CYP)

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2666 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D Deficiency and the Clinical Outcomes of Calcimimetic Therapy in Dialysis Patients: A Population-Based Study
by Kuo-Cheng Lu, Joshua Wang, Cai-Mei Zheng, Kuo-Wang Tsai, Yi-Chou Hou and Chien-Lin Lu
Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091536 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) undergoing dialysis and may attenuate the efficacy of calcimimetic therapy, which is designed to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and improve clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the impact [...] Read more.
Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) undergoing dialysis and may attenuate the efficacy of calcimimetic therapy, which is designed to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and improve clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of vitamin D status on all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), fractures, and hypocalcemia in dialysis patients receiving calcimimetics. Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized the TriNetX database to identify dialysis patients treated with calcimimetics between 2010 and 2024. Patients were classified into VDD (<20 ng/mL) and vitamin D-adequate (VDA, ≥30 ng/mL) groups. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed on 95 covariates to minimize confounding. Outcomes, including all-cause mortality, MACEs, fractures, hypocalcemia, and PTH suppression (≤300 pg/mL), were compared between groups over a 3-year follow-up. Multiple comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni–Holm correction. Results: All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the VDD group (25.4%) compared to the VDA group (20.9%), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.10–1.51, p = 0.002, corrected α = 0.007). While initial analyses suggested associations between VDD and the increased risks of MACEs, fractures, and hypocalcemia, these results did not remain significant after correction. Subgroup analysis indicated that comorbidities, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and depression, amplified these risks in the VDD group. No significant differences were observed for PTH suppression (≤300 pg/mL) between groups. Conclusions: VDD is independently associated with increased all-cause mortality in dialysis patients with SHPT, even after multiple comparison adjustments. While risks for MACEs, fractures, and hypocalcemia showed non-significant trends, their observed patterns suggest potential clinical relevance. Optimizing vitamin D status may enhance clinical outcomes in this high-risk population, warranting further investigation through randomized controlled trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 1117 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D Deficiency as a Contributing Factor to Chronic Rhinitis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: An Epidemiological Study
by Sang Chul Park and Do-Yang Park
Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193385 - 5 Oct 2024
Viewed by 4967
Abstract
Background: Recent studies suggest a critical role for vitamin D in respiratory diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis, particularly in middle- and older-aged populations, remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association [...] Read more.
Background: Recent studies suggest a critical role for vitamin D in respiratory diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis, particularly in middle- and older-aged populations, remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis in middle- and older-aged adults while controlling for lifestyle and physical status factors. Methods: Data from 12,654 participants aged 40 years and older were analyzed from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012). The prevalence of chronic rhinitis and its association with serum vitamin D levels were assessed using multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and physical characteristics. Results: The prevalence of chronic rhinitis was 21.1%. Participants with chronic rhinitis had a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (69.9% vs. 65.2%) and lower mean vitamin D levels (17.73 ng/mL vs. 18.19 ng/mL) compared to those without chronic rhinitis. After adjusting for confounding factors, vitamin D deficiency remained significantly associated with an increased likelihood of chronic rhinitis (OR = 1.21, 95% CI, 1.082–1.348, p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study identifies a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and chronic rhinitis in middle- and older-aged adults, suggesting that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may be important in managing chronic rhinitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1021 KiB  
Article
An HPLC-UV Method to Assess Human Plasma 25(OH)D3
by Alexandra Tijerina, Aurora Garza, Abad López, Norma Cavazos, Ana Romo, Michel S. Heya, Cristina Bouzas, Josep A. Tur and Rogelio Salas
Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142304 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1705
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate an HPLC-UV method to assess vitamin D status by determining the linearity and precision of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) calibration curve, the limits of detection, quantitation and robustness of the method, and [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to validate an HPLC-UV method to assess vitamin D status by determining the linearity and precision of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) calibration curve, the limits of detection, quantitation and robustness of the method, and its accuracy. A second stock solution of 25(OH)D3 was prepared (500 ng/mL), and working dilutions (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ng/mL) were prepared for a calibration curve. The HPLC equipment had a UV-Vis diode-array detector and utilized an AcclaimTM 120 C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm) with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, a column temperature of 30 °C, and the standards and samples were maintained at 4 °C, with an injection volume of 100 µL. Detection of 25(OH)D3 was determined at 265 nm, with a retention time of 4.0 min. The validation was conducted according to the FDA Validation of Analytical Procedures: Guidance for Industry. Vitamin D was extracted from plasma samples using acetonitrile (ACN)–0.1% formic acid (2:1 v/v), and the percentage of recovery was calculated. The proposed method conditions gave excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9989) and the linearity coefficient was R2 > 0.99 for 25(OH)D3. The detection and quantification limits were 1.1703 ng/mL and 3.5462 ng/mL, respectively. Decreasing or increasing the reading temperature by 1 °C decreased the response units (AU) of vitamin D, 25(OH)D3. When the current flow rate decreased by 0.2 mL/min (1.0 mL/min), the retention time increased to 4.913 min, whereas an increase of 0.2 mL/min of the proposed flow rate (1.4 mL/min) decreased the retention time to 3.500 min. The percentage of recovery varied from 92.2% to 97.1%. The proposed method to quantify a vitamin D metabolite (25(OH)D3) in human plasma samples was reliable and validated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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Review

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22 pages, 853 KiB  
Review
Multifaceted Roles of Vitamin D for Diabetes: From Immunomodulatory Functions to Metabolic Regulations
by Chan Yoon Park, Sunhye Shin and Sung Nim Han
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183185 - 20 Sep 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3897
Abstract
Numerous studies have established associations between vitamin D and diabetes. The vitamin D receptor is widely distributed throughout the human body, including in pancreatic beta cells (β-cells), hepatocytes, and immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D’s effect on the risk, progression, or complications of diabetes [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have established associations between vitamin D and diabetes. The vitamin D receptor is widely distributed throughout the human body, including in pancreatic beta cells (β-cells), hepatocytes, and immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D’s effect on the risk, progression, or complications of diabetes may be mediated through various mechanisms. These include the regulation of insulin secretion or sensitivity and modulation of β-cell function and its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This review extensively explores the relationship between vitamin D status and diabetes, as well as the preventive or therapeutic effects of vitamin D supplementation on diabetes from human studies. Additionally, it examines in detail the impact of vitamin D on immune and inflammatory responses in the diabetic milieux and β-cell function to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which vitamin D influences diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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35 pages, 1389 KiB  
Review
Vitamin D: An Essential Nutrient in the Dual Relationship between Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Celiac Disease—A Comprehensive Review
by Francesca Gorini and Alessandro Tonacci
Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111762 - 4 Jun 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2828
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are among the most frequent autoimmune disorders, with a multifactorial etiology in which both genetic and environmental determinants are probably involved. Celiac disease (CeD) also represents a public concern, given its increasing prevalence due to the recent improvement of [...] Read more.
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are among the most frequent autoimmune disorders, with a multifactorial etiology in which both genetic and environmental determinants are probably involved. Celiac disease (CeD) also represents a public concern, given its increasing prevalence due to the recent improvement of screening programs, leading to the detection of silent subtypes. The two conditions may be closely associated due to common risk factors, including genetic setting, changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, and deficiency of nutrients like vitamin D. This comprehensive review discussed the current evidence on the pivotal role of vitamin D in modulating both gut microbiota dysbiosis and immune system dysfunction, shedding light on the possible relevance of an adequate intake of this nutrient in the primary prevention of AITD and CeD. While future technology-based strategies for proper vitamin D supplementation could be attractive in the context of personalized medicine, several issues remain to be defined, including standardized assays for vitamin D determination, timely recommendations on vitamin D intake for immune system functioning, and longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials to definitely establish a causal relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the onset of AITD and CeD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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Other

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13 pages, 494 KiB  
Systematic Review
High Doses of Vitamin D and Specific Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Systematic Review
by Filip Max, Andrea Gažová, Juraj Smaha, Martin Jankovský, Tomáš Tesař, Peter Jackuliak, Martin Kužma, Juraj Payer and Ján Kyselovič
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223903 - 15 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as a condition of mild chronic inflammation, marked by increased levels of acute-phase proteins and various inflammatory indicators. These inflammatory substances, along with inflammation of adipose tissue and the secretion of adipocytokines, can contribute to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as a condition of mild chronic inflammation, marked by increased levels of acute-phase proteins and various inflammatory indicators. These inflammatory substances, along with inflammation of adipose tissue and the secretion of adipocytokines, can contribute to insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. By influencing both innate and adaptive immunity, vitamin D can inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines and help mitigate the low-grade chronic inflammation associated with T2DM. Several strategies have been proposed to increase vitamin D levels effectively and safely, but the recent and strong ones have common tactics. Short-term high doses increase the level acutely, and long-term lower doses maintain sufficient levels. Methods: The aim of our work was to determine and verify the effectiveness of high doses of vitamin D to safely increase its level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as the effect of these doses on selected metabolic parameters. Data from 20 studies (vitamin D group n = 612, and control group n = 592) regarding the influence of vitamin D supplementation with doses above 4000 IU on serum 25(OH)D, fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, serum calcium, and parathormone were pooled. Results: Vitamin D supplementation significantly improved serum 25(OH)D levels, with an average increase after intervention versus baseline at 177.09%. Our studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation may benefit various parameters in T2DM patients, including glycemic control, blood pressure, and PTH levels. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation may have beneficial effects on various parameters in type 2 diabetes patients, including glycemic control, blood pressure, and parathormone levels. However, the results are only sometimes consistent across all studies. Further examination is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 1216 KiB  
Brief Report
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Downregulates Adipocyte Impact on Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Adipokine Release
by Chaehyun Yum, Chaylen Andolino, Brienna Larrick, Madeline P. Sheeley and Dorothy Teegarden
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183153 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Excess adiposity is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer metastasis and mortality. Evidence suggests that dietary vitamin D inhibits breast cancer metastasis. However, the mechanistic link between vitamin D’s regulation of adipocyte metabolism and metastasis has not been previously investigated. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Excess adiposity is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer metastasis and mortality. Evidence suggests that dietary vitamin D inhibits breast cancer metastasis. However, the mechanistic link between vitamin D’s regulation of adipocyte metabolism and metastasis has not been previously investigated. Therefore, the purpose of these experiments was to examine the effect of the active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), on adipocyte release of bioactive compounds and whether the impact on adipocytes leads to inhibition of breast cancer cell migration, an important step of metastasis. Methods: Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 1,25(OH)2D for two days, followed by either harvesting the adipocytes or collecting adipocyte-conditioned media without 1,25(OH)2D. A transwell migration assay was conducted with vehicle- or 1,25(OH)2D-conditioned media. In order to explore the mechanism underlying effects on breast cancer metastatic capability, the mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was measured in adipocytes following either vehicle or 1,25(OH)2D treatment. Results: Conditioned media from 1,25(OH)2D-treated adipocytes inhibited the migration of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells compared to conditioned media from vehicle-treated adipocytes. Treatment of adipocytes with 1,25(OH)2D decreased mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, IGF-1, IL-6, and MCP-1. Consistent with mRNA expression, concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, IGF-1, and IL-6 in adipocyte-conditioned media were decreased with 1,25(OH)2D treatment, although MCP-1 remained unchanged. Conclusions: In summary, these results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D alters adipocyte secretions to prevent breast cancer metastasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)
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