Neuroimaging

Background: Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) is a common and clinically significant component of traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to complications such as vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and long-term neurological impairment. This review examines how contemporary imaging approaches enhance the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of tSAH. Methods: A systematic search of major databases identified studies evaluating imaging strategies relevant to tSAH within the broader context of TBI. Results: CT remains the primary modality for acute identification of subarachnoid blood and associated mass effect, while MRI offers greater sensitivity for soft-tissue injury and secondary pathological changes. Quantitative and functional imaging techniques provide emerging insights into microstructural damage, perfusion disturbances, and metabolic dysfunction, though their integration into routine clinical practice remains limited. Conclusion: Imaging plays a central role in the evaluation of tSAH and supports key clinical decisions throughout TBI management. Standard methods such as CT and MRI remain indispensable, while newer quantitative and functional techniques may refine risk stratification and enable more personalized care as evidence for their clinical utility continues to grow.

The study of the nervous system in health and disease presents an extraordinary scientific challenge, one deeply rooted in the intrinsic complexity of brain structure and function across multiple scales of biological organization. The nervous system is not only a dense network of billions of neuronal and non-neuronal cells (i.e., glial cells) but is also a dynamic system influenced by genetic, molecular, cellular, systemic, metabolic, environmental, and social factors that collectively and continuously shape neurocognitive and physiological outcomes. Understanding this multifaceted system demands a multiscale integrated approach, spanning from the molecular and cellular levels to the macroscopic and population scales, leveraging cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary expertise. This commentary highlights the complexity inherent to neuroscience research and the critical need for integrated methodologies to advance personalized medicine and effective therapeutic strategies for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

In recent decades, neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of the brain, enabling detailed exploration of its structure, function, and metabolism across multiple scales, from individual synapses to large-scale networks [...]