Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Polymetallic Ore Deposits

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 4192

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Departament Enginyeria Minera, Industrial i TIC, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08242 Manresa, Spain
Interests: ore deposits; stable isotopes; geochemistry; quantitative mineralogy; geometallurgy; environmental pollution; waste recycling; supplementary cemetitous materials; calcined clays
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Guest Editor
School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
Interests: sediment-hosted ore deposits; metallogeny; geochemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymetallic ore deposits comprise most ore deposits, especially those of base metals.  These deposits are also highly topical as they are the main source of many critical elements, such as In, Ge, Sb, and others. Consequently, many of these deposits are of great economic and strategic importance. Studying their mineralogy and geochemistry is essential to establish their genesis, exploration, and mineral processing. Therefore, their knowledge will be necessary to address the extraction of mineral resources in an optimal way, and, therefore, in accordance with the premises of sustainability. Although there is much literature on them, improvements in current analytical techniques and the knowledge of mineral processes make it necessary to review their characterization with the introduction of details that allow them to be better understood and their resources to be managed more efficiently.

In this Special Issue, we will address the latest achievements in the mineralogy and geochemistry of polymetallic deposits, as tools to obtain information that will advance our understanding of the deposits, and, therefore, increase the availability of our mineral resources. Studies using the wide range of characterization techniques currently available (trace element chemistry, mineral chemistry, micro thermometry of fluid inclusions, stable isotopes, among others) are welcome.

Dr. Pura Alfonso
Dr. Abdorrahman Rajabi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • polymetallic deposits
  • ore mineralogy
  • geochemistry
  • ore-forming process
  • process mineralogy

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 70177 KiB  
Article
Geology, Structure, Geochemistry, and Origin of Iron Oxide Deposits in Dehbid, Southwest Iran
by Abdorrahman Rajabi, Reza Nozaem, Sara Momenipour, Shojaedin Niroomand, Shahrokh Rajabpour, Somaye Rezaei, Pura Alfonso, Carles Canet, Ahmad Kazemi Mehrnia, Pouria Mahmoodi, Amir Mahdavi, Mansoor Kazemirad, Omid Laghari Firouzjaei and Mohammad Amini
Minerals 2025, 15(6), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15060590 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
The Dehbid region, located in the southern part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ), is a significant iron oxide mining district with over 20 iron oxide deposits (IODs) and reserves of up to 50 million tons of iron oxide ores. The region features a [...] Read more.
The Dehbid region, located in the southern part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ), is a significant iron oxide mining district with over 20 iron oxide deposits (IODs) and reserves of up to 50 million tons of iron oxide ores. The region features a NW–SE oriented ductile shear zone, parallel to the Zagros thrust zone, experienced significant deformation. Detailed structural studies indicate that the iron mineralization is primarily stratiform to stratabound and hosted in late Triassic to early Jurassic silicified dolomites and schists. These ore deposits consist of lenticular iron oxide orebodies and exhibit various structures and textures, including banded, laminated, folded, disseminated, and massive forms of magnetite and hematite. The Fe2O3 content in the mineralized layers varies from 30 to 91 wt%, whereas MnO has an average of 3.9 wt%. The trace elements are generally low, except for elevated concentrations of Cu (up to 4350 ppm) and Zn (up to 3270 ppm). Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of magnetite reveals high concentrations of Mg, Al, Si, Mn, Ti, Cu, and Zn, with significant depletion of elements such as Ga, Ge, As, and Nb. This study refutes the hypothesis of vein-like or hydrothermal genesis, providing evidence for a sedimentary origin based on the trace element geochemistry of magnetite and LA-ICP-MS geochemical data. The Dehbid banded iron ores (BIOs) are thought to have formed under geodynamic conditions similar to those of BIOs in back-arc tectonic settings. The combination of anoxic conditions, submarine hydrothermal iron fluxes, and redox fluctuations is essential for the formation of these deposits, suggesting that similar iron–manganese deposits can form during the Phanerozoic under specific geodynamic and oceanographic conditions, particularly in tectonically active back-arc environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Polymetallic Ore Deposits)
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42 pages, 113259 KiB  
Article
Hypogene Alteration of Base–Metal Mineralization at the Václav Vein (Březové Hory Deposit, Příbram, Czech Republic): The Result of Recurrent Infiltration of Oxidized Fluids
by Zdeněk Dolníček, Jiří Sejkora and Pavel Škácha
Minerals 2024, 14(10), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101038 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1113
Abstract
The Václav vein (Březové Hory deposit, Příbram ore area, Czech Republic) is a base–metal vein containing minor Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Sb sulfidic mineralization in a usually hematitized gangue. A detailed mineralogical study using an electron microprobe revealed a complicated multistage evolution of the vein. Early siderite [...] Read more.
The Václav vein (Březové Hory deposit, Příbram ore area, Czech Republic) is a base–metal vein containing minor Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Sb sulfidic mineralization in a usually hematitized gangue. A detailed mineralogical study using an electron microprobe revealed a complicated multistage evolution of the vein. Early siderite and Fe-rich dolomite were strongly replaced by assemblages of hematite+rhodochrosite and hematite+kutnohorite/Mn-rich dolomite, respectively. In addition, siderite also experienced strong silicification. These changes were associated with the dissolution of associated sulfides (sphalerite, galena). The following portion of the vein contains low-Mn dolomite and calcite gangue with Zn-rich chlorite, wittichenite, tetrahedrite-group minerals, chalcopyrite, bornite, and djurleite, again showing common replacement textures in case of sulfides. The latest stage was characterized by the input of Ag and Hg, giving rise to Ag-Cu sulfides, native silver (partly Hg-rich), balkanite, and (meta)cinnabar. We explain the formation of hematite-bearing oxidized assemblages at the expense of pre-existing “normal” Příbram mineralization due to repeated episodic infiltration of oxygenated surface waters during the vein evolution. Episodic mixing of ore fluids with surface waters was suggested from previous stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies in the Příbram ore area. Our mineralogical study thus strengthens this genetic scenario, illustrates the dynamics of fluid movement during the evolution of a distinct ore vein structure, and shows that the low content of ore minerals cannot be necessarily a primary feature of a vein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Polymetallic Ore Deposits)
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20 pages, 11481 KiB  
Article
Geological Controlling Factors on Mississippi Valley-Type Pb-Zn Mineralization in Western Semnan, Iran
by Soran Qaderi, Abbas Maghsoudi, Amin Beiranvand Pour and Mahyar Yousefi
Minerals 2024, 14(9), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090957 - 21 Sep 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1531
Abstract
Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits are a subtype of sedimentary-hosted mineralization. These deposits are hosted by carbonate sequences in passive-margin tectonic settings. This paper uses the Fry technique and distance distribution analysis to model the spatial distribution pattern of MVT Pb-Zn deposits in [...] Read more.
Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits are a subtype of sedimentary-hosted mineralization. These deposits are hosted by carbonate sequences in passive-margin tectonic settings. This paper uses the Fry technique and distance distribution analysis to model the spatial distribution pattern of MVT Pb-Zn deposits in the west of Semnan province (Iran) and their association with some geological features, aiming at mapping mineral prospectivity in the area. The modeling results reveal that NE–SW trending faults and Permian-Cretaceous dolomites and limestone are, respectively, major structural and lithological controlling factors of mineralization that operate as conduits and physicochemical subsystems of ore formation. The integration of the corresponding evidence maps of the controlling factors with a model of the geochemical signature of MVT Pb-Zn deposits through a supervised random forest approach, a machine learning technique, gains an exceptional prospectivity map predicting 100% of the known MVT Pb-Zn deposits in only 15% of the study area, which is an achievement. The recognized targets can be planned for further exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Polymetallic Ore Deposits)
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