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Microorganisms
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Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogen
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Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogen

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Microbe Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 5817

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andres Mäe

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plant Protection, Estonian Crop Research Institute, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
Interests: agriculture; fungicide sensitivity; CYP51 mutations; SDHI mutations; cross-resistance
Dr. Thies Marten Heick

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
Interests: fungicide resistance; Zymoseptoria tritici

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Because fully resistant field cropl cultivars are not available, the control of the foliar diseases of these agronomically important cultures is primarily based on chemical control by fungicides. Fungicides have been used for the control of fungal pathogens in cereals for more than four decades. There has been a recent decline in the effectiveness of the most important fungicide classes (DMI, SDHI and QoI) in controlling the leaf blotch pathogens of the important foliar diseases.

With this Special Issue, entitled Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogens, we want to widen/share our knowledge about the different mechanisms responsible for differences in fungicide sensitivities. The overall aim is to generate an updated dataset of fungicide resistance development among the important plant fungal pathogens.

This special Issue will consider a wide scope of studies connected to resistance evolution for fungicides with different modes of action.

Reviews, original research, and communications are all welcome.

Bets regards,

Dr. Andres Mäe
Dr. Thies Marten Heick
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3591 KiB  
Article
Detection of Venturia inaequalis Isolates with Multiple Resistance in Greece
by Michael Chatzidimopoulos, Antonios Zambounis, Fenia Lioliopoulou and Evangelos Vellios
Microorganisms 2022, 10(12), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122354 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1300
Abstract
The excessive use of fungicides against Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, has led to the emergence of resistant populations to multiple fungicides over the years. In Greece, there is no available information on fungicide resistance, despite the fact that [...] Read more.
The excessive use of fungicides against Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, has led to the emergence of resistant populations to multiple fungicides over the years. In Greece, there is no available information on fungicide resistance, despite the fact that control failures have been reported on certain areas. An amount of 418 single-spore isolates were collected from three major apple production areas and tested for their sensitivity to eight commonly used fungicides from unrelated chemical groups. The isolates were tested on malt extract agar media enriched with the discriminatory dose of each fungicide using the point inoculation method. To define the discriminatory dose for assessing the levels of resistance, EC50 values on both spore germination and mycelial growth assays were previously determined. Isolates exhibiting high resistance to trifloxystrobin (92% in total) and difenoconazole (3%); and moderate resistance to cyprodinil (75%), dodine (28%), difenoconazole (36%), boscalid (5%), and fludioxonil (7%) were found for the first time in Greece. A small percentage of the isolates were also found less sensitive to captan (8%) and dithianon (6%). Two isolates showed various levels of resistance to all eight fungicides. Despite the occurrence of strains with multiple resistances to many fungicides, we concluded that this practical resistance in the field arose mainly due to the poor control of apple scab with trifloxystrobin and difenoconazole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogen)
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11 pages, 1197 KiB  
Article
LC-MS/MS-Based Fungicide Accumulation Assay to Demonstrate Efflux Activity in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici
by Guillaume Fouché, Dominique Rosati, Catherine Venet, Hervé Josserand, Marie-Pascale Latorse, Danièle Debieu and Sabine Fillinger
Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081494 - 25 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1503
Abstract
Increased drug efflux compromises the efficacy of a large panel of treatments in the clinic against cancer or bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, and in agriculture due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungi. Until recently, to demonstrate increased drug efflux, the use [...] Read more.
Increased drug efflux compromises the efficacy of a large panel of treatments in the clinic against cancer or bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, and in agriculture due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungi. Until recently, to demonstrate increased drug efflux, the use of labeled drugs or fluorescent dyes was necessary. With the increasing sensitivity of detection devices, direct assessment of drug efflux has become realistic. Here, we describe a medium-throughput method to assess the intracellular drug concentration in the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici cultivated in the presence of a sublethal fungicide concentration. As a model fungicide, we used the succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitor boscalid. The boscalid concentration was assessed in the different culture fractions using mass spectrometry linked to liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The ratio between the intracellular and total boscalid amount was used as an inversed proxy for the efflux activity. Using isogenic mutant strains known for their differential efflux capacities, we validated the negative correlation between the intracellular boscalid concentration and efflux activity. In addition, intra-cellular fungicide accumulation explains the susceptibility of the tested strains to boscalid. This assay may be useful in lead development when a new molecule displays good inhibitory activity against its isolated target protein but fails to control the target organism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogen)
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17 pages, 2202 KiB  
Article
Double Mutations in Succinate Dehydrogenase Are Involved in SDHI Resistance in Corynespora cassiicola
by Bingxue Sun, Guangxue Zhu, Xuewen Xie, Ali Chai, Lei Li, Yanxia Shi and Baoju Li
Microorganisms 2022, 10(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010132 - 09 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1907
Abstract
With the further application of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI), the resistance caused by double mutations in target gene is gradually becoming a serious problem, leading to a decrease of control efficacy. It is important to assess the sensitivity and fitness of double mutations [...] Read more.
With the further application of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI), the resistance caused by double mutations in target gene is gradually becoming a serious problem, leading to a decrease of control efficacy. It is important to assess the sensitivity and fitness of double mutations to SDHI in Corynespora cassiicola and analysis the evolution of double mutations. We confirmed, by site-directed mutagenesis, that all double mutations (B-I280V+D-D95E/D-G109V/D-H105R, B-H278R+D-D95E/D-G109V, B-H278Y+D-D95E/D-G109V) conferred resistance to all SDHI and exhibited the increased resistance to at least one fungicide than single point mutation. Analyses of fitness showed that all double mutations had lower fitness than the wild type; most of double mutations suffered more fitness penalties than the corresponding single mutants. We also further found that double mutations (B-I280V+D-D95E/D-G109V/D-H105R) containing low SDHI-resistant single point mutation (B-I280V) exhibited higher resistance to SDHI and low fitness penalty than double mutations (B-H278Y+D-D95E/D-G109V) containing high SDHI-resistant single mutations (B-H278Y). Therefore, we may infer that a single mutation conferring low resistance is more likely to evolve into a double mutation conferring higher resistance under the selective pressure of SDHI. Taken together, our results provide some important reference for resistance management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogen)
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