Metrics

The Internet of Things (IoT) has evolved through the interconnection of edge devices, enabling seamless data exchange across networks. With IoT adoption expanding into various sectors, the massive growth of generated data has raised concerns about the security of edge devices tasked with processing this information. While several metrics exist to assess vulnerability severity and support risk management, many fail to account for the distinct characteristics of IoT environments and lack precision in evaluating hardware-specific vulnerabilities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current vulnerability metrics and frameworks and introduces a novel method for analyzing memory-related vulnerabilities in IoT edge devices. The proposed approach leverages functional size measurement through COSMIC (ISO 19761), a standardized measurement method for quantifying software functionality. By applying COSMIC, memory-related vulnerabilities can be assessed from a functional perspective. Additionally, a prototype tool is presented that automates the evaluation of memory vulnerabilities on ESP boards using COSMIC-based measurements. Findings highlight the potential of incorporating functional sizing into IoT security assessment practices.

Climate change is the most significant socio-environmental challenges of our time, and education has been recognized as a fundamental strategy to confront it. Yet research efforts have focused more on students than on teachers, despite the latter’s key role in mediating between scientific and curricular knowledge and classroom practice. This study set out to characterize the field of educational research on climate change from the perspective of secondary school teachers. To this end, we conducted a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 50 peer-reviewed studies from 15 countries (2010–2023). The results show a growing interest over time, with increases associated with international milestones such as the IPCC reports and the Paris Agreement, while declines are observed in connection with political shifts and the COVID-19 pandemic. Consolidated academic reference points were identified, including Eric Plutzer and Maria Ojala, alongside influential international organizations such as the IPCC and UNESCO, suggesting the presence of schools of thought and institutional frameworks that structure the field. Methodologically, descriptive and exploratory studies predominate, with a notable reliance on qualitative and mixed-methods designs using small samples, reinforcing the difficulty of accessing teachers as a research population. Overall, this review highlights significant gaps, particularly the geographical bias toward the Global North, and underscores the urgency of broader, more inclusive, and critically engaged research that positions teachers as essential agents of transformative educational responses to the climate crisis.

This paper presents a bibliometric and literature review on decarbonization strategies in sustainability-oriented contractor selection within Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) frameworks. The study analyzes 972 journal articles published between 2002 and 2024 from Scopus, complemented by Google Scholar for thematic insights. Bibliometric techniques in R were applied to identify influential publications, research trends, and thematic clusters. The review highlights documented benefits of integrating decarbonization into contractor evaluation, including lifecycle carbon reduction, ESG alignment, and early-stage material optimization. Challenges remain in terms of limited lifecycle data, absence of standard benchmarks, and organizational resistance. Critical success factors identified include policy alignment, availability of assessment data, and collaborative stakeholder engagement. The findings demonstrate that incorporating carbon-related performance indicators into early procurement decisions can reshape prequalification standards and strengthen sustainable project delivery. Citation and co-word analysis reveal emerging research trends, including digital innovations such as artificial intelligence for contractor evaluation and emissions tracking. This study provides both a research foundation and a strategic guide for construction professionals, policymakers, and sustainability advocates aiming to align IPD with global decarbonization targets.