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Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk

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A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Advances in Metabolomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 10582

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sam Emerson

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Guest Editor

Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
Interests: cardiometabolic health; nutrition; exercise; heart disease; metabolic syndrome; risk factors

Dr. Stephanie Kurti

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Guest Editor

Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
Interests: lifestyle interventions; chronic diseases; cardiopulmonary and metabolic diseases; exercise science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It has long been recognized that metabolite concentrations in human serum can provide a valuable glimpse into a patient’s cardiovascular and metabolic health. Certain metabolites can therefore be used to assess or screen for cardiometabolic risk before overt disease is apparent or present. The rationale is that robust risk screening leads to early detection, followed by more effective and timely lifestyle or pharmacological intervention. Metabolite concentrations can also be used to evaluate severity of disease or the effectiveness of interventions. As measurement technology has advanced with regard to sensitivity, scope, and accessibility in recent decades, the opportunity for the measurement of metabolites in clinical and research settings is greater now than ever. This Special Issue of Metabolites is dedicated to research advancing screening and evaluation of cardiovascular and metabolic risk through the use of metabolites, such as the use of traditional metabolites in novel contexts or populations and the testing or validation of novel, innovative markers. Submissions broadly related to metabolites and assessment of cardiometabolic health are invited and encouraged.

Dr. Sam Emerson
Dr. Stephanie Kurti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metabolites is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

metabolic markers
risk screening
cardiovascular disease
metabolic disease
clinical research
translational science
metabolism

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relation of Aortic Waveforms with Gut Hormones following Continuous and Interval Exercise among Older Adults with Prediabetes

by Daniel J. Battillo and Steven K. Malin

Metabolites 2023, 13(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020137 - 17 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1227

Abstract

Prediabetes raises cardiovascular disease risk, in part through elevated aortic waveforms. While insulin is a vasodilatory hormone, the gut hormone relation to aortic waveforms is less clear. We hypothesized that exercise, independent of intensity, would favor aortic waveforms in relation to gut hormones. Older adults (61.3 ± 1.5 yr; 33.2 ± 1.1 kg/m²) with prediabetes (ADA criteria) were randomized to undertake 60 min of work-matched continuous (CONT, n = 14) or interval (INT, n = 14) exercise for 2 wks. During a 180 min 75-g OGTT, a number of aortic waveforms (applanation tonometry) were assessed: the augmentation pressure (AP) and index (AIx75), brachial (bBP) and central blood pressure (cBP), pulse pressure (bPP and cPP), pulse pressure amplification (PPA), and forward (Pf) and backward pressure (Pb) waveforms. Acylated-ghrelin (AG), des-acylated ghrelin (dAG), GIP, and GLP-1_active were measured, and correlations were co-varied for insulin. Independent of intensity, exercise increased VO₂peak (p = 0.01) and PPA_120min (p = 0.01) and reduced weight (p < 0.01), as well as AP_120min (p = 0.02) and AIx75_120min (p < 0.01). CONT lowered bSBP (p < 0.02) and bDBP (p < 0.02) tAUC_180min more than INT. There were decreases dAG_0min related to Pb_120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.03), cPP_120min (r = 0.48, p = 0.02), and AP_120min (r = 0.46, p = 0.02). Declines in AG tAUC_60min correlated with lower Pb_120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.03) and cPP_120min (r = 0.49, p = 0.02) were also found. GLP-1_{active 0min} was reduced associated with lowered AP_180min (r = 0.49, p = 0.02). Thus, while CONT exercise favored blood pressure, both intensities of exercise improved aortic waveforms in relation to gut hormones after controlling for insulin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk)

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12 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Exercise and the Systemic and Airway Inflammatory Response to a High-Fat Meal in Young and Older Adults

by Stephanie P. Kurti, William S. Wisseman, Molly E. Miller, Hannah L. Frick, Steven K. Malin, Sam R. Emerson, David A. Edwards and Elizabeth S. Edwards

Metabolites 2022, 12(9), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090853 - 10 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to determine fasting and high-fat meal (HFM)-induced post-prandial systemic inflammation and airway inflammation (exhaled nitric oxide (eNO)) in older adults (OAs) compared to younger adults (YAs) before and after acute exercise. Twelve YAs (23.3 ± 3.9 y n = 5 M/7 F) and 12 OAs (67.7 ± 6 y, n = 8 M/4 F) completed two HFM challenges. After an overnight fast, participants underwent an HFM session or pre-prandial exercise (EX, 65% VO_2Peak to expend 75% of the caloric content of the HFM) plus HFM (EX + HFM) in a randomized order. Systemic inflammatory cytokines were collected at 0, 3, and 6 h, while eNO was determined at 0, 2, and 4 h after the HFM (12 kcal/kg body weight: 61% fat, 35% CHO, 4% PRO). TNF-α was higher in OAs compared to YAs (p = 0.005) and decreased across time from baseline to 6 h post-HFM (p = 0.007). In response to the HFM, IL-6 decreased from 0 to 3 h but increased at 6 h regardless of age or exercise (p = 0.018). IL-8 or IL-1β did not change over the HFM by age or exercise (p > 0.05). eNO was also elevated in OAs compared to YAs (p = 0.003) but was not altered by exercise (p = 0.108). There was a trend, however, towards significance post-prandially in OAs and YAs from 0 to 2 h (p = 0.072). TNF-α and eNO are higher in OAs compared to YAs but are not elevated more in OAs post-prandially compared to YAs. Primary systemic inflammatory cytokines and eNO were not modified by acute exercise prior to an HFM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk)

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14 pages, 2513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Patients—Cardiologists Be Aware

by Anna Kurpas, Karolina Supel, Paulina Wieczorkiewicz, Joanna Bodalska Duleba and Marzenna Zielinska

Metabolites 2022, 12(6), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060498 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

Numerous clinical studies have indicated that elevated FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) levels may be associated with cardiovascular (CV) mortality, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that FGF23 may be a potent CV risk factor among patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research was performed utilizing patients with T2DM and regular outpatient follow-up care. Baseline characteristics determined by laboratory tests were recorded. Serum FGF23 levels were detected using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All patients underwent echocardiograms and 12-lead electrocardiograms. Data records of 102 patients (males: 57%) with a median age of 69 years (interquartile range (IQR) 66.0–74.0) were analyzed. Baseline characteristics indicated that one-third (33%) of patients suffered from ischemic heart disease (IHD), and the median time elapsed since diagnosis with T2DM was 19 years (IQR 14.0–25.0). The hemoglobin A1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and FGF23 values were, respectively, as follows: 6.85% (IQR 6.5–7.7), 80 mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR 70.0–94.0), and 253.0 pg/mL (IQR 218.0–531.0). The study revealed that FGF23 was elevated in all patients, regardless of IHD status. Thus, the role of FGF23 as a CV risk factor should not be overestimated among patients with T2DM and good glycemic control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk)

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12 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Kynurenine Pathway in Obese Middle-Aged Women with Normoglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes

by Justyna Kubacka, Magdalena Staniszewska, Ilona Sadok, Grazyna Sypniewska and Anna Stefanska

Metabolites 2022, 12(6), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060492 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1625

Abstract

We examined the relationships of tryptophan (Trp) and the metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic risk factors in obese middle-aged women. The study included 128 obese women divided into two subgroups: a normoglycemic group (NG, n = 65) and a T2D group (n = 63). The concentrations of serum tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (Kyn), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HKyn), quinolinic acid (QA), and kynurenic acid (Kyna) were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Blood biochemical parameters and anthropometric parameters were measured. The women with T2D had significantly higher Trp, Kyna, Kyna/QA ratio, and Kyna/3HKyn ratio values than the NG women. Logistic regression analysis showed that the concentrations of Trp and Kyna and the values of the Kyna/3HKyn ratio were most strongly associated with T2D occurrence, even after controlling for confounding factors. The model with Trp level and Kyna/3HKyn ratio accounted for 20% of the variation in the presence of T2D. We also showed a different pattern of correlations between kynurenines and metabolic factors in the NG and T2D women, which was mostly reflected in the stronger relationship between BMI and KP metabolites in the NG obese women. An increase in Trp and Kyna levels with an accompanying increase in Kyna/3HKyn ratio value is associated with the occurrence of T2D in obese middle-aged women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk)

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6 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Comparison of a Standardized High-Fat Meal versus a High-Fat Meal Scaled to Body Mass for Measuring Postprandial Triglycerides: A Randomized Crossover Study

by Bryant H. Keirns, Christina M. Sciarrillo, Samantha M. Hart and Sam R. Emerson

Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010081 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1361

Abstract

Post-meal triglycerides are an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, but the ideal high-fat meal formulation has yet to be standardized and is one challenge prohibiting widespread clinical adoption of postprandial triglyceride assessment. Two general approaches often used are giving individuals a high-fat meal scaled to body weight or a standardized high-fat meal containing a set fat bolus. A recent expert panel statement has endorsed the latter, specifying 75 g of fat as an appropriate fat dosage. Despite this recommendation, no study to date has tested whether there is a difference in postprandial triglycerides or if risk classification is affected based on these different approaches. We recruited 16 generally healthy individuals with roughly equal distribution among body mass index (BMI)class (n = 5–6/per BMI category) and sex (n = 2–3 M/F) within each BMI class. Each participant underwent two abbreviated fat tolerance tests separated by ~1 week: one with a scaled to body weight high-fat meal (9 kcal/kg; 70% fat) and a standardized meal containing 75 g of fat (70% fat). Fasting, 4 h, and absolute change in triglycerides across the entire sample and within each BMI category were similar regardless of high-fat meal. Only one participant with obesity had discordant postprandial responses between the fat tolerance tests (i.e., different CVD risk classification). These findings suggest that, within a certain range of fat intake, generally healthy individuals will have a similar postprandial triglyceride response. Considering the greater convenience of utilizing standardized high-fat meals, our data suggest that a standardized high-fat meal may be acceptable for large-scale studies and clinical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk)

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10 pages, 2112 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Serum Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) and Sortilin (SORT) in Patients with Psoriasis with Relation to Systemic Treatment

by Julia Nowowiejska, Anna Baran, Julita A. Krahel, Tomasz W. Kamiński, Magdalena Maciaszek and Iwona Flisiak

Metabolites 2022, 12(4), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12040340 - 09 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease, which is tightly associated with metabolic disorders. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and sortilin (SORT) are molecules engaged in lipid metabolism of proatherogenic properties. They have been hardly ever studied in psoriasis before. Serum CETP and SORT concentrations were measured in 33 patients with plaque-type psoriasis before and after 12 weeks of treatment with methotrexate or acitretin. There was no significant difference in CEPT and SORT serum concentrations between patients and controls. Positive correlations between CETP after the treatment with acitretin and activity of transaminases (R = 0.65, R = 0.56, respectively) were noted. CETP was positively related with triglycerides (R = 0.49), glucose (R = 0.54) and CRP (R = 0.64) before the treatment with methotrexate, which all disappeared afterwards. Systemic therapy with methotrexate caused normalization of SORT concentration. There was significant correlation between SORT and WBC (p < 0.01) and CRP (p < 0.05). CETP and SORT cannot be used as individual biomarkers. Nevertheless, they show some interesting relations with other parameters. Increased concentration of CETP perhaps could investigated as a marker of liver side effects of acitretin treatment in psoriatics. SORT could be considered as a new indicator of metabolically induced inflammation in psoriasis. Methotrexate may be preferred in patients with high SORT concentrations. Further studies are needed to establish their exact role in psoriatic patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolites for Screening and Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk)

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