Membrane Distillation and Other Membrane-Related Applications for Water Cleaning and Desalination

A special issue of Membranes (ISSN 2077-0375). This special issue belongs to the section "Membrane Applications for Water Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 2495

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Catalysis and Reactor Engineering Group (CREG), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
Interests: membrane distillation; air-gap membrane distillation; water cleaning; mathematical modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Membrane distillation (MD) is a modern technology that is changing the way we obtain fresh water, overcoming the limitations of more commonly used and diffused separation processes. Membrane distillation was designed to convert seawater into drinking water, but it also has interesting applications in treating industrial wastewaters, which is an issue in terms of volumes and costs. Mainly, membrane distillation can allow for the substitution of or can be coupled to more conventional reverse osmosis technologies to perform water cleaning and desalination in the presence of a highly concentrated solution. Membrane distillation initially progressed slowly due to a lack of suitable membranes for MD applications; membrane wetting issues; high energy consumption compared to reverse osmosis; low flux rates; and limited research on the module’s design. However, recent and extensive research into various aspects of MD (the development of better membranes; the potential use of alternative energy sources; the resolution of fouling and other issues; the experimentation on different membrane configurations) has contributed to making MD a more attractive process. Additionally, new and stringent separation requirements driven by evolving regulations and emerging needs have emphasized the importance of this field. Consequently, there has been a notable “research boom” in different facets of MD over the past decade.

However, more work needs to be carried out to fulfill expectations. To address the existing challenges, the development of new and improved membranes; the exploration of novel materials; the enhanced design of modules; and overall advancements in engineering are essential for the broader industrial employment of this technology. Additionally, establishing clear protocols and comparison criteria for selecting the best materials and operational conditions, as well as accurate modeling for scalable implementation, is crucial. Significant multidisciplinary research efforts are also required to further advance this technology and facilitate its growth.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Applications of any type of membrane distillation and multi-effect membrane distillation;
  • Novel membrane materials and fabrication techniques;
  • Modeling of membrane distillation processes;
  • Membrane fouling and mitigation strategies;
  • Applications of membrane technology in desalination and wastewater cleaning;
  • Case studies and practical implementations;
  • Environmental and economic aspects of membrane water purification.

We welcome the submission of original research articles; comprehensive reviews; and insightful perspectives that show a deep understanding of the current trends and future directions in this topical area of study.

Dr. Simona Renda
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • membrane distillation
  • desalination
  • wastewater cleaning
  • pollutants removal
  • modeling
  • novel materials
  • innovative fabrication techniques

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 1533 KiB  
Article
Oil and Water Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Effluent: A Comparative Study of PVDF and α-Al2O3 Ultrafiltration Membranes
by Saqr A. A. Al-Muraisy, Jiamin Wu, Mingliang Chen, Begüm Tanis, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman, Shahrul bin Ismail, Jules B. van Lier and Ralph E. F. Lindeboom
Membranes 2025, 15(6), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15060176 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
Recovering oil and water from palm oil mill effluent reduces environmental pollution and promotes sustainable practices. An effective method to achieve this is ultrafiltration (UF), which uses semi-permeable membranes to separate oil, solids, and other contaminants from wastewater under pressure. To assess the [...] Read more.
Recovering oil and water from palm oil mill effluent reduces environmental pollution and promotes sustainable practices. An effective method to achieve this is ultrafiltration (UF), which uses semi-permeable membranes to separate oil, solids, and other contaminants from wastewater under pressure. To assess the most effective recovery method, an experimental comparison was conducted between PVDF and α-Al2O3 UF membranes at constant permeate of 20–50 LMH for PVDF and 20–70 LMH for α-Al2O3 membranes. Both membranes achieved 99.8% chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection, with oil concentration factor (Fo) of 186.8% and 253.0%, and water recovery (Rw) of 46.6% and 60.5%, respectively. The permeate water quality was superior to the Malaysian discharge standards, and the fat, oil, and grease (FOG) content was suitable for phase separation processes. The optimal permeate fluxes, with stable transmembrane pressures (TMP), were observed at 40 LMH (PVDF) and 60 LMH (α-Al2O3). Total resistance (Rt) values were 1.30 × 1012 m−1 (PVDF) and 1.59 × 1012 m−1 (α-Al2O3). The ratio of irreversible to total resistances (Rir/Rt) was 0.02 (PVDF) and 0.06 (α-Al2O3), indicating minimal irreversible fouling. Overall, the α-Al2O3 membrane demonstrated superior performance in oil and water recovery with more stable operation compared to the PVDF membrane. UF membrane technology emerges as an efficient technique for recovering oil and water compared to conventional methods. Full article
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15 pages, 4044 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of a Novel Ultrafiltration Membrane for Efficient Removal of Dibutyl Phthalate from Wastewater
by Qiang Zhou, Meiling Chen, Yushan Jiang, Linnan Zhang and Yanhong Wang
Membranes 2025, 15(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15050142 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 878
Abstract
This study successfully developed a novel molecularly imprinted ultrafiltration membrane (MIUM) for energy-efficient and selective removal of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) from wastewater. Guided by Gaussian simulations, methacrylic acid (MAA) was identified as the optimal functional monomer, achieving the strongest binding energy (ΔE = [...] Read more.
This study successfully developed a novel molecularly imprinted ultrafiltration membrane (MIUM) for energy-efficient and selective removal of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) from wastewater. Guided by Gaussian simulations, methacrylic acid (MAA) was identified as the optimal functional monomer, achieving the strongest binding energy (ΔE = −0.0698 a.u.) with DBP at a 1:6 molar ratio, providing a foundation for precise cavity construction. DBP-imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized via bulk polymerization were integrated into polysulfone membranes through phase inversion. The optimized MIUM (81.27% polymer content) exhibited exceptional performance under low-pressure operation (0.2 MPa), with a water flux of 111.49 L·m2·h−1 and 92.87% DBP rejection, representing a 43% energy saving compared to conventional nanofiber membranes requiring 0.4 MPa. Structural characterization confirmed synergistic effects between imprinted cavities and membrane transport properties as the key mechanism for efficient separation. Notably, MIUM demonstrated remarkable selectivity, achieving 91.57% retention for DBP while showing limited affinity for structurally analogous phthalates (e.g., diethyl/diisononyl phthalates). The membrane maintained > 70% retention after 10 elution cycles, highlighting robust reusability. These findings establish a paradigm for molecular simulation-guided design of selective membranes, offering an innovative solution for low-energy removal of endocrine disruptors. The work advances wastewater treatment technologies by balancing high permeability, targeted pollutant removal, and operational sustainability, with direct implications for mitigating environmental risks and improving water quality management. Full article
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24 pages, 9051 KiB  
Article
Influence of Silane Treatment on CNM/PAC/PVDF Properties and Performance for Water Desalination by VMD
by Samraa R. Khaleel, Salah S. Ibrahim, Alessandra Criscuoli, Alberto Figoli, Dahiru U. Lawal and Qusay F. Alsalhy
Membranes 2025, 15(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040104 - 1 Apr 2025
Viewed by 656
Abstract
Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) is a promising process for water desalination. However, it suffers some obstacles, such as fouling and wetting, due to the inadequate hydrophobicity of the membrane and high vacuum pressure on the permeate side. Therefore, improving surface hydrophobicity and roughness [...] Read more.
Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) is a promising process for water desalination. However, it suffers some obstacles, such as fouling and wetting, due to the inadequate hydrophobicity of the membrane and high vacuum pressure on the permeate side. Therefore, improving surface hydrophobicity and roughness is important. In this study, the effect of 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFTES) on the morphology and performance of CNM/PAC/PVDF membranes at various concentrations was investigated for the first time. Membrane characteristics such as FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, contact angle, and hydrophobicity before and after modification were analyzed and tested using VMD for water desalination. The results showed that the membrane coated with 1 wt.% PFTES had a higher permeate flux and lower rejection than the membranes coated with the 2 wt.% PFTES. The 2 wt.% PFTES enhanced the contact angle to 117° and increased the salt rejection above 99.9%, with the permeate flux set to 23.2 L/m2·h and at a 35 g/L NaCl feed solution, 65 °C feed temperature, a 0.6 L/min feed flow rate, and 21 kPa (abs) vacuum pressure. This means that 2 wt.% PFTES-coated PVDF membranes exhibited slightly lower permeate flux with higher hydrophobicity, salt rejection, and stability over long-term operation. These outstanding results indicate the potential of the novel CNM/PAC/PVDF/PFTES membranes for saline water desalination. Moreover, this study presents useful guidance for the enhancement of membrane structures and physical properties in the field of saline water desalination using porous CNM/PAC/PVDF/PFTES membranes. Full article
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