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Medicina
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Modern Diagnostics and Therapy for Vitreoretinal Diseases
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Modern Diagnostics and Therapy for Vitreoretinal Diseases

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 June 2026 | Viewed by 4294

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Miguel Antonio Busquets

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Retina Associates of Kentucky, 120 N Eagle Creek Dr, Lexington, KY 40509, USA
2. EyeCare Partners, St. Louis, MO, USA
Interests: ophthalmology; retinal disease; retinal pharmacotherapy; artificial intelligence; retinal diagnostic imaging
Prof. Dr. Anat Lowenstein

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel-Aviv, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
Interests: ophthalmology; retina; retinal imaging; diabetic retinopathy; surgical retina; cell therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Therapies for vitreoretinal diseases have grown by leaps and bounds over the last five years. Longer-acting agents for the treatment of exudative disease and a plethora of available and experimental therapies for geographic atrophy now abound. Simultaneously, the diagnostic platforms to help evaluate retinal conditions continue to evolve.

Meanwhile, artificial intelligence (AI) and remote monitoring are becoming more prevalent in ophthalmic diagnostics. Image-recognition-based deep learning is allowing for large-scale data assessments related to ophthalmic testing and imaging. For example, this technology is proving to be useful in studying fluid dynamics in exudative retinal disease and for predictive modeling in non-exudative macular degeneration.

This Special Issue aims to bring together the current state of clinical and laboratory data regarding retinal diagnostics and therapies. Relevant topics should include but are not limited to pharmacotherapy, optical coherence tomography, remote retinal monitoring, artificial intelligence in retinal diagnostics, image recognition platforms, and surgical innovations.

Colleagues are invited to submit original research, meta-analyses, and topical reviews for the Special Issue “Modern Diagnostics and Therapies for Vitreoretinal Disease” to further our knowledge base in this important field.

Sincerely,

Dr. Miguel Antonio Busquets
Prof. Dr. Anat Lowenstein
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • retinal pharmacotherapy
  • artificial intelligence
  • image recognition
  • optical coherence tomography
  • remote retinal monitoring
  • exudative retinal disease
  • geographic atrophy

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 636 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Retinal Displacement After Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Surgery: A Retrospective Single-Institution Study
by Fabrizio Giansanti, Cristina Nicolosi, Diego Luciani and Giulio Vicini
Medicina 2026, 62(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62020308 - 2 Feb 2026
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To evaluate the occurrence of retinal displacement using blue-fundus autofluorescence (BFAF) imaging in eyes treated for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and its associations with clinical factors, including macular status, detachment extent, baseline visual acuity, high myopia, postoperative visual [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: To evaluate the occurrence of retinal displacement using blue-fundus autofluorescence (BFAF) imaging in eyes treated for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and its associations with clinical factors, including macular status, detachment extent, baseline visual acuity, high myopia, postoperative visual recovery, and metamorphopsia. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 98 patients who underwent surgery for primary RRD at a single center. Surgical approaches included pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), phacovitrectomy, or scleral buckling, with tamponade agents such as SF6 gas (20%), silicone oil (≈1300 cSt), or air. Postoperative BFAF imaging assessed retinal displacement. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Results: Macula-off detachments occurred in 56.1% of cases, while 43.9% were macula-on detachments. Phacovitrectomy was performed in 41.8%, simple vitrectomy in 33.7%, and scleral buckling in 24.5%. SF6 gas was the most used tamponade, while silicone oil was used in 13.3%. Retinal displacement was detected in 16.3% of cases, predominantly downward (81.25%) and less commonly upward (18.75%). Macula-off detachments were significantly associated with displacement (81.2% vs. 51.2%, p = 0.027). No significant associations were found with other parameters. Metamorphopsia was reported in 12.5% of patients with displacement and 4.9% without, though the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Retinal displacement can occur after primary RRD repair, irrespective of tamponade, though it tended to be less frequent with silicone oil and in macula-on detachments. It is significantly more common in macula-off cases, even with immediate postoperative prone positioning. These findings emphasize the need to refine postoperative positioning protocols to reduce displacement and its sequelae. Further studies should explore the impact of retinal displacement on visual function, particularly metamorphopsia, in patients with preserved best-corrected visual acuity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Diagnostics and Therapy for Vitreoretinal Diseases)
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10 pages, 1262 KB  
Article
Clinical Outcomes of Full-Thickness Macular Holes with Epiretinal Proliferation Without Posterior Vitreous Detachment
by Kota Kakehashi, Reio Sekine, Tatsuya Jujo, Naoto Uchiyama, Akiko Endo, Naoto Tokuda and Yasushi Kitaoka
Medicina 2025, 61(11), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111975 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 483
Abstract
Background and Objective: To elucidate the clinical characteristics of full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs) with epiretinal proliferation (EP) without posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Material and Methods: A retrospective and exploratory study reviewed clinical records of patients with FTMHs with EP without PVD [...] Read more.
Background and Objective: To elucidate the clinical characteristics of full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs) with epiretinal proliferation (EP) without posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Material and Methods: A retrospective and exploratory study reviewed clinical records of patients with FTMHs with EP without PVD (5 eyes: EP group) and FTMHs without EP without PVD (32 eyes: non-EP group). Swept-source OCT images were analyzed for macular structure. Statistical comparisons were made between clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes. Results: The EP group had two eyes with non-closure of macular holes (40%) (p = 0.01) and three eyes with ellipsoid zone defects (60%) (p = 0.01 compared with the non-EP group). Conclusions: Although limited by a small sample size, this pilot study suggests that the observed trends—such as a lower closure rate and more outer retinal disruption in the EP group—may indicate differences in pathogenesis and surgical outcomes compared to the non-EP group. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to statistical limitations. Further prospective studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these preliminary findings and better understand the underlying pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Diagnostics and Therapy for Vitreoretinal Diseases)
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Review

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13 pages, 434 KB  
Review
Home Monitoring for the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of the Development and Implementation of Digital Health Solutions over a 25-Year Scientific Journey
by Miguel A. Busquets, Richard A. Garfinkel, Deepak Sambhara, Nishant Mohan, Kester Nahen, Gidi Benyamini and Anat Loewenstein
Medicina 2025, 61(12), 2193; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61122193 - 11 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1014
Abstract
The management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) presents a significant challenge attributable to high disease heterogeneity. Patient realization of symptoms is poor and it is urgent to treat before permanent anatomic damage results in vision loss. This is true for the initial conversion [...] Read more.
The management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) presents a significant challenge attributable to high disease heterogeneity. Patient realization of symptoms is poor and it is urgent to treat before permanent anatomic damage results in vision loss. This is true for the initial conversion from non-exudative intermediate AMD (iAMD) to exudative AMD (nAMD), and for the recurrence of nAMD undergoing treatment. Starting from the essential requirements that any practical solution needs to fulfill, we will reflect on how persistent navigation towards innovative solutions during a 25-year journey yielded significant advances towards improvements in personalized care. An early insight was that the acute nature of AMD progression requires frequent monitoring and therefore diagnostic testing should be performed at the patient’s home. Four key requirements were identified: (1) A tele-connected home device with acceptable diagnostic performance and a supportive patient user interface, both hardware and software. (2) Automated analytics capabilities that can process large volumes of data. (3) Efficient remote patient engagement and support through a digital healthcare provider. (4) A low-cost medical system that enables digital healthcare delivery through appropriate compensation for both the monitoring provider and the prescribing physician services. We reviewed the published literature accompanying first the development of Preferential Hyperacuity Perimetry (PHP) for monitoring iAMD, followed by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) for monitoring nAMD. Emphasis was given to the review of the validation of the core technologies, the regulatory process, and real-world studies, and how they led to the release of commercial services that are covered by Medicare in the USA. We concluded that while during the first quarter of the 21st century, the two main pillars of management of AMD were anti-VEGF intravitreal injections and in-office OCT, the addition of home-monitoring-based digital health services can become the third pillar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Diagnostics and Therapy for Vitreoretinal Diseases)
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13 pages, 295 KB  
Review
The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Other Full Blood Count Indices in Retinal Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Literature
by Dimitrios Kazantzis, Genovefa Machairoudia, Panagiotis Theodossiadis and Irini Chatziralli
Medicina 2025, 61(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010125 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and other full blood count indices have been used as a marker of inflammation in a variety of diseases. The aim of the current review is to summarize the existing knowledge on the use [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and other full blood count indices have been used as a marker of inflammation in a variety of diseases. The aim of the current review is to summarize the existing knowledge on the use of these indices in retinal diseases. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to find eligible articles. The PUBMED and Scopus databases were systematically searched for relevant studies examining full blood count indices in retinal diseases. Results: The NLR was elevated in a number of vitreoretinal conditions, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, compared to controls. Full blood count indices could be useful in predicting the response to anti-VEG treatment in patients with wet AMD or diabetic macular edema (DME). Conclusions: The NLR and other indices can be used as diagnostic markers in retinal diseases and as prognostic factors of the response to treatment. The small sample size and short follow-up of the included studies and the variation in the measurement and cutoffs used for the NLR are limitations of its use in retinal conditions. Future studies need to further validate these findings and try to establish a link between these ratios and retinal phenotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Diagnostics and Therapy for Vitreoretinal Diseases)
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