Microstructure, Anti-wear Properties and Numerical Simulation of Lubricants

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2023) | Viewed by 17079

Special Issue Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
Interests: microstructure; wear and corrosions; lubricant design; surface coating technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lubricants play an important role in reducing friction damage on the surface of objects. In machinery, metallurgy and other fields, many products are at risk of wear and corrosion. In order to improve the properties of products in harsh work conditions, the performance of lubricants is important. Therefore, we would like to invite you to submit reports of your original research to this Lubricants Special Issue entitled “Microstructure, Anti-Wear Properties and Numerical Simulation of Lubricants”. The specific topics of interest for this Special Issue include (but are not restricted to):

  • Lubricant microstructure characterization;
  • Design of lubricant;
  • Simulation and analysis of lubricants;
  • Surface coating technology;
  • Novel lubricant;
  • Friction and wear properties of the coating;
  • Other aspects on lubricant.

Dr. Yu Liu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microstructure
  • wear and corrosion
  • simulation analysis
  • lubricant design
  • surface coating technology

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 9271 KiB  
Article
Anti-Wear Design of the Knot-Tripping Mechanism and Knot-Tying Test for the Knotter
by Shiyu Lv, Yaming Chen, Jianjun Yin, Maile Zhou and Zefu Chen
Lubricants 2023, 11(11), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110475 - 4 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1520
Abstract
Aiming to solve the problem of knot-tripping failure caused by severe wear between the spherical roller and planar cam of the knotter, this paper first establishes a calculation model of the spatial cam contour surface. The knot-tripping mechanism in the knotter is designed [...] Read more.
Aiming to solve the problem of knot-tripping failure caused by severe wear between the spherical roller and planar cam of the knotter, this paper first establishes a calculation model of the spatial cam contour surface. The knot-tripping mechanism in the knotter is designed as a line-contact curved-surface cam mechanism, with the cutter arm swinging in accordance with sinusoidal acceleration. The design significantly reduces the contact stress between the cam and the roller, compared to the original knot-tripping mechanism. Additionally, it eliminates the impact between the spherical roller and the planar cam. Based on the Archard model, the calculation model for cam-roller wear in the knot-tripping mechanism has been derived and utilized for wear calculation. The wear test results of the knot-tripping mechanism with an aluminum cam show that the curved cam has a wear amount that is 43%, 56%, 46%, and 37% lower than that of the planar cam after tying the knot 200 times, 600 times, 1300 times, and 2000 times, respectively. Under the condition that the twine tension is set to 120 N, and the rotation speed of the fluted disc is 60 rpm, the deviations between the calculated value and the measured value of the wear amount of the curved cam are 9.48%, 6.01%, 7.27%, and 9.95%, respectively. This validates the accuracy of the spatial cam wear model and the correctness of the curved cam design. Full article
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11 pages, 3583 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Behavior and Comprehensive Evaluation of Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 High-Entropy Alloy in 3.5% NaCl Solution
by Yanzhou Li, Yan Shi, Rongna Chen, Hua Lin and Xiaohu Ji
Lubricants 2023, 11(7), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11070282 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1583
Abstract
In this study, Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 high-entropy alloy coating was prepared on the surface of 5083 aluminum alloy using laser cladding technology. The corrosion behavior of the coating and substrate in 3.5% NaCl solution was analyzed using experimental methods, including [...] Read more.
In this study, Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 high-entropy alloy coating was prepared on the surface of 5083 aluminum alloy using laser cladding technology. The corrosion behavior of the coating and substrate in 3.5% NaCl solution was analyzed using experimental methods, including polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion current density of Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 coating is 2.04 × 10−7 A/cm 2. The passivation range width reaches 2.771 V, and these polarization test results are superior to the substrate. The Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 coating exhibited selective corrosion behavior, with the Cu-rich FCC1 phase and Cr-poor phase being susceptible to corrosion, leading to localized pitting and intergranular corrosion traces, but the corrosion did not spread extensively. The intergranular distribution of Cu is the main reason for the intergranular corrosion trace features. In contrast, the substrate exhibited overall corrosion. The Nyquist plot of the Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 coating consisted of a single capacitive semicircle arc in the high-frequency region with a larger radius than the substrate. In conclusion, using the Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5B0.1 high-entropy alloy as a coating can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the 5083 aluminum alloy substrate. Full article
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13 pages, 7557 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Wear Performance of CeO2-Modified Micro-Nano Structured WC-CoCr Coatings Sprayed with HVOF
by Xiang Ding, Qun Wang, Yinghao Tian, Changchun Yang, Chengqing Yuan and Chidambaram Seshadri Ramachandran
Lubricants 2023, 11(5), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11050188 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Rare earth elements have been widely utilized in material manufacturing to enhance properties in various ways. In order to obtain the WC-10Co4Cr coating with uniform distribution of rare earths, CeO2-modified powder was prepared by mixing 1 wt.% nano-sized CeO2 during [...] Read more.
Rare earth elements have been widely utilized in material manufacturing to enhance properties in various ways. In order to obtain the WC-10Co4Cr coating with uniform distribution of rare earths, CeO2-modified powder was prepared by mixing 1 wt.% nano-sized CeO2 during the initial ball-milling of the powder fabrication process. Bare and CeO2-modified WC-10Co4Cr coatings were deposited via high velocity oxygen fuel spraying to investigate the impact of CeO2 modification on the coating’s microstructure, mechanical properties and abrasive wear performance. The results show that the addition of CeO2 increased the interface energy, inhibiting the formation of the Co3W3C phase during the powder sintering process, as well as the W2C phase and CoCr alloy during the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process. This led to a significantly decreased porosity and higher concentration of undissolved Cr-rich areas. The microhardness and fracture toughness of the CeO2-modified coating were 1230 HV0.3 and 5.77 MPam1/2, respectively. The abrasive wear resistance of the CeO2-modified coating was only 70.9% of that of the unmodified coating. Due to the weak cohesive strength between WC and Cr, Cr-rich areas were preferentially removed, resulting in an increased wear rate in the CeO2-modified coating. Full article
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14 pages, 24416 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ni–WC–TiC Alloy Coating Fabricated by Laser
by Yu Liu, Zeyu Li, Guohui Li, Fengming Du and Miao Yu
Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040170 - 10 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1931
Abstract
In this study, a Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating was fabricated by laser to improve the wear resistance and service life of Cr12MoV die steel. The microstructures and phases of the coating were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), [...] Read more.
In this study, a Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating was fabricated by laser to improve the wear resistance and service life of Cr12MoV die steel. The microstructures and phases of the coating were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The properties of the coating were tested by a hardness and friction wear tester. The results show that the coating has a good metallurgical bond with the substrate. The microstructures from top to bottom are mainly equiaxed crystal, columnar dendrite, and cellular dendrite. Combined with the physical phase analysis and elemental distribution of the coating, there are some phases, such as γ~(Fe, Ni), Cr23C6, WC, TiC, Fe3W3C, and Cr2Ti. Compared with the Cr12MoV steel substrate, the Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating has good properties of hardness and wear resistance. In the coating, the background region of the grains is γ~(Fe, Ni). From the EDS results, it can be seen that there are some rod-like particles, Cr23C6, which are uniformly distributed on the top of the coating. Some W and Ti carbides form in grains. The addition of TiC particles improves the WC particles refinement. The highest hardness of the coating is 770.7 HV0.5, which is approximately 3.3 times higher than that of the substrate. The wear volume is 0.26 mm3, or approximately 8.6% of the substrate, which is contributed to the reinforced phases and finer microstructure of the coating. The wear volumes of the Cr12MoV substrate are 1.8 and 4.5 mm3 at 20 and 60 min, respectively. While the wear volumes of the Ni–WC–TiC coating are 0.2 and 0.7 mm3 at 20 and 60 min, respectively. The increased amplitude of the coating’s wear volume is smaller than that of the substrate. The results show that this Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating is helpful for improving the properties and service life of Cr12MoV die steel. Full article
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25 pages, 7938 KiB  
Article
‘Triangle Ester’ Molecules as Blending Components in Mineral Oil: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
by Neha Sharma, Sunil Kumar, Gananath D. Thakre and Anjan Ray
Lubricants 2023, 11(3), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11030144 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1880
Abstract
The present work explored the use of fatty acid ‘Triangle ester’ molecules (Epoxidized Ester (EE), and Thiirane Ester (TE)) as antifriction and antiwear additives at varying levels for Group I and Group II mineral base oils using the standard ASTMD-4172B four-ball test. Relative [...] Read more.
The present work explored the use of fatty acid ‘Triangle ester’ molecules (Epoxidized Ester (EE), and Thiirane Ester (TE)) as antifriction and antiwear additives at varying levels for Group I and Group II mineral base oils using the standard ASTMD-4172B four-ball test. Relative to neat base oil, EE blends showed improved antifriction by ~61% and ~42% and antiwear properties by ~32% and ~41% in Group I and Group II base oils, respectively, while the TE blends showed friction reduction by ~65% and ~40% and wear reduction by ~93% and ~50% relative to the same neat base stock. Time evolution of the ‘Triangle ester’ molecules and their blends with mineral oil (modeled as hexadecane) w.r.t. conformational changes, adsorption energy, intermolecular energy, and effect of the applied stress were estimated theoretically using MD simulations. Further, optimized levels of these additives were explored for their effectiveness as a blending component for commercial engine oil (CEO) and could reduce the friction and wear of CEO by ~50% and ~30%, respectively. Full article
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12 pages, 2845 KiB  
Article
Effect of Y on Microstructure and Properties of Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5 High Entropy Alloy Coating on 5083 Aluminum by Laser Cladding
by Yanzhou Li, Yan Shi, Hongxin Wang, Binjun Zhou, Defa Li, Hua Lin and Junqi Wang
Lubricants 2023, 11(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020050 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1490
Abstract
To improve the surface properties of 5083 aluminum, Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Yx (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) high-entropy alloy coatings were prepared by laser cladding. The phase structure and microstructure of the Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Yx coatings [...] Read more.
To improve the surface properties of 5083 aluminum, Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Yx (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) high-entropy alloy coatings were prepared by laser cladding. The phase structure and microstructure of the Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Yx coatings were characterized by XRD and SEM. The tribological properties of the coating were tested by a friction and wear tester. An electrochemical workstation tested the corrosion resistance of the coating. The results show that when Y content is less than 0.2, the Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Yx coating is in the FCC1, BCC1, and BCC2 phases. When Y is added to 0.2, the coating appears rich in the Y phase. With the increased Y content, the hardness of the coating can increase. The average hardness of Y0, Y0.05, Y0.1, and Y0.2 are 479HV0.2, 517HV0.2, 532HV0.2, and 544HV0.2, respectively. Microstructure evolution leads to an increase in the hardness of the coating. The effect of Y on the wear resistance of the Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Yx coatings is consistent with the hardness. Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Y0.2 coating has the lowest wear rate, at is 8.65 × 10−6 mm3/Nm. The corrosion current density of Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Y0.05 and Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Y0.1 coatings is in the order of 10−8, which is less than Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5Y0.2 and Al0.8FeCrCoNiCu0.5. The performance of each component coating is superior to that of the substrate. Full article
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16 pages, 5268 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Interval Uncertainties on Dynamic Characteristics of a Rotor System Supported by Oil-Film Bearings
by Jiaojiao Ma, Chao Fu, Zhaoli Zheng, Kuan Lu and Yongfeng Yang
Lubricants 2022, 10(12), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120354 - 8 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2041
Abstract
Rotating systems equipped with oil-film bearings are critical and common in many industrial machines. There are various non-random uncertainties in such fluid-lubricated dynamic systems. It is important to quantify the effects of uncertainties without adequate statistical information on the dynamics of rotor-bearing systems. [...] Read more.
Rotating systems equipped with oil-film bearings are critical and common in many industrial machines. There are various non-random uncertainties in such fluid-lubricated dynamic systems. It is important to quantify the effects of uncertainties without adequate statistical information on the dynamics of rotor-bearing systems. In this paper, a rotor system with oil-film bearings at both ends is investigated considering many interval uncertainties. The rotating system is modeled in a deterministic sense. The Chebyshev interval method is used to track the propagation of different uncertainties. Deviations in the steady state responses, time history, and shaft orbits are calculated and comparatively discussed. Influence patterns of different interval parameters and dispersions in various dynamics are presented in detail. It is found that there can be global and local impacts as well as cumulative effects caused by multi-source uncertainties. The findings of the present study could be helpful for a more insightful dynamic analysis of rotor-bearing systems as well as their optimal design and maintenance. Full article
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12 pages, 8194 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Surface Roughness, Tool Wear and Chip Morphology during Machining of Nickel-Based Alloy under Sustainable Hybrid Nanofluid-MQL Strategy
by Mayur A. Makhesana, Kaushik M. Patel and Prashant J. Bagga
Lubricants 2022, 10(11), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10110315 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2147
Abstract
Nickel-based super alloys exhibit high strength, oxidation and corrosion resistance; however, the machining of these alloys is a challenge that can be overcome with effective cooling/lubrication techniques. The use of a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique is limited to lower cutting parameters due [...] Read more.
Nickel-based super alloys exhibit high strength, oxidation and corrosion resistance; however, the machining of these alloys is a challenge that can be overcome with effective cooling/lubrication techniques. The use of a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique is limited to lower cutting parameters due to the tremendous heat produced during the machining of Inconel 718. Sustainable and eco-friendly machining of Inconel 718 can be attained using MQL and lubricants based on nanofluids because of their improved heat transfer capabilities. For that purpose, the performance of hybrid nanofluid-MQL is examined. In this novel study, graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles are reinforced with palm oil and delivered to the machining interface using an MQL setup. The machining experiments are performed under the conditions of dry, wet, MQL and MQL with graphene/hBN deposited in palm oil. The machining performance under selected cutting conditions is assessed by analyzing the surface roughness, tool wear, chip morphology and surface quality of the machined workpiece. A comparison of results showcased the effectiveness of hybrid nanofluid-MQL with improvement in surface finish, reduction in tool wear and favorable chip forms concerning all other machining conditions. Full article
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20 pages, 16138 KiB  
Article
Cavitation Morphology Study between Hemispherical Textured Rotating Friction Pairs
by Junyu Sun, Liyu Chen, Bing Zhang, Hua Huang and Pengfei Qian
Lubricants 2022, 10(10), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100249 - 3 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2048
Abstract
A non-direct contact rotary interface uses a viscous fluid as the lubricant working medium. Because the oil film friction coefficient formed is extremely small, so it has great application potential in sealing, fluid transmission, thermosolutal convection, and bionics. Research on mechanical seals, wet [...] Read more.
A non-direct contact rotary interface uses a viscous fluid as the lubricant working medium. Because the oil film friction coefficient formed is extremely small, so it has great application potential in sealing, fluid transmission, thermosolutal convection, and bionics. Research on mechanical seals, wet clutches, and dynamic load bearing have proven that micro-textures can effectively improve friction and lubrication performance. However, when the fluid flows through the texture boundary, pressure disturbances can induce hydrodynamic cavitation. A pair of rotating disks are selected as our research objects. From the simulation and experiment research, we found that cavitation volume does not always increase with an increase in the texture rate, and cavitation always occurs preferentially at the outer diameter, so it is necessary to avoid machining the texture structure at the outer diameter of the mechanical seal end. Once the conditions for cavitation are met, a complete cavity is formed in approximately 0.015 s. The study also verifies that the cavitation gas originates from the phase change of the oil. Full article
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