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Lubricants
Special Issues
Emission and Transport of Wear Particles
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Emission and Transport of Wear Particles

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 7410

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Oleksii Nosko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: airborne wear particle emissions; heat conduction friction problems; sliding contact temperature measurements
Dr. Yezhe Lyu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
Interests: tribology; metal; coating; microstructure; railway
Dr. Hiroyuki Hagino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Research Division, Japan Automobile Research Institute, 2530 Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Interests: brake wear particle measurements; aerosol chemistry; mass spectrometry
Dr. Mara Leonardi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Material Development, GCF Research & Development, Brembo S.p.A., 24040 Stezzano, BG, Italy
Interests: disc brake emissions; brake wear particle characterization; friction materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The problem of environmental pollution is becoming increasingly important in view of the growing ecological footprint of humankind. Friction contact, mainly through transport vehicle brakes, tire-on-road contact, wheel-on-rail contact, and electrical sliding contact, represents a significant source of toxic particulate matter pollution to the atmosphere, ground, and water. This source may be critically harmful in urban areas, especially in closed and semi-closed environments, such as traffic tunnels, stations, and stops.

The generation, emission, and transport of wear particles are complex processes involving various interrelated mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical phenomena. Their investigation requires a systematic approach based on the application of different techniques and principles of tribology, mechanics, heat and mass transfer, aerosol science, electromagnetism, chemistry, etc. Studies focusing on the reduction of wear particle emissions as well as those investigating the underlying mechanisms are undoubtedly of great practical and scientific interest as the implementation of the results obtained in these studies may potentially contribute to achieving global sustainable development goals.

This Special Issue aims to promote advances in wear particle generation and emissions. The scope includes topics related to the generation, emission, and transport of wear particles from different sources, including the tribological aspects of particle formation, quantitative and qualitative assessments of particle emissions, and chemicophysical particle characterisation using various measurement techniques and instrumentation. Experimental, computational, and mixed studies at varied scales are appropriate for this Special Issue.

Dr. Oleksii Nosko
Dr. Yezhe Lyu
Dr. Hiroyuki Hagino
Dr. Mara Leonardi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wear mechanism
  • wear debris
  • airborne wear particles
  • wear particle transport
  • wear particle characterisation

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 6265 KiB  
Article
Effects of Titanate on Brake Wear Particle Emission Using a Brake Material Friction Test Dynamometer
by Emiko Daimon and Yasuhito Ito
Lubricants 2024, 12(11), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110387 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 640
Abstract
We investigated the effect of lepidocrocite-type layered titanate, which is compounded in brake pads, to reduce brake particle emissions. The dust reduction effect of titanate was evaluated using a small-scale inertial brake material friction test dynamometer. The results suggested that brake particle emissions [...] Read more.
We investigated the effect of lepidocrocite-type layered titanate, which is compounded in brake pads, to reduce brake particle emissions. The dust reduction effect of titanate was evaluated using a small-scale inertial brake material friction test dynamometer. The results suggested that brake particle emissions are related to the microphysical structure of the pad surface, such as the uniformity of the friction film and secondary plateau formation, and that friction materials containing titanate contribute significantly to reducing both particle mass (PM) and particle number (PN) emissions of brake particles in both non-asbestos organic (NAO) and low-steel (LS) pads. In particular, LS pads generally have a problem of having more brake particles than NAO pads, but this study found that brake particles can be significantly reduced by compounding titanate instead of tin sulfide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission and Transport of Wear Particles)
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17 pages, 8375 KiB  
Article
Tyre Wear under Urban, Rural, and Motorway Driving Conditions at Two Locations in Spain and China
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Liang Li, Sheng Zang, Bo Lu, David Lopez and Juan J. García
Lubricants 2024, 12(10), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12100338 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1143
Abstract
The recently introduced Euro 7 emissions standard regulation foresees the addition of abrasion limits for tyres sold in the European Union. The measurement procedures for tyre abrasion are described in the newly introduced Annex 10 of the United Nations (UN) Regulation 117. However, [...] Read more.
The recently introduced Euro 7 emissions standard regulation foresees the addition of abrasion limits for tyres sold in the European Union. The measurement procedures for tyre abrasion are described in the newly introduced Annex 10 of the United Nations (UN) Regulation 117. However, the limits are not yet defined as there is no data available regarding the new procedure. For this reason, a market assessment campaign is ongoing under the auspices of the UN Task Force on Tyre Abrasion (TFTA). Recent reviews on the topic also concluded that there is a lack of studies measuring the abrasion rates of tyres. In this study, we measured the abrasion rate of one tyre model at two different locations (Spain and China) with the aim of deep diving into possible influencing factors. Additionally, wear rates were studied separately for urban, rural, and motorway routes to get more insight into the impact of the route characteristics. The abrasion rates varied from 22 mg/km to 123 mg/km per vehicle, depending on the route (urban, rural, motorway) and ambient temperature. The overall average trip abrasion rates were 75 mg/km and 45 mg/km per vehicle at the two locations, respectively. However, when corrected for the different ambient temperatures, the rates were 63 mg/km and 60 mg/km per vehicle, respectively. The impacts of other parameters, such as driving dynamics and road surface, on the final results are also discussed. The average tread depth reduction was estimated to be 0.8–1.4 mm every 10,000 km. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission and Transport of Wear Particles)
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32 pages, 26330 KiB  
Article
Brake Wear and Airborne Particle Mass Emissions from Passenger Car Brakes in Dynamometer Experiments Based on the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicle Test Procedure Brake Cycle
by Hiroyuki Hagino
Lubricants 2024, 12(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060206 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1355
Abstract
Brake wear particles, as the major component of non-exhaust particulate matter, are known to have different emissions, depending on the type of brake assembly and the specifications of the vehicle. In this study, brake wear and wear particle mass emissions were measured under [...] Read more.
Brake wear particles, as the major component of non-exhaust particulate matter, are known to have different emissions, depending on the type of brake assembly and the specifications of the vehicle. In this study, brake wear and wear particle mass emissions were measured under realistic vehicle driving and full friction braking conditions using current commercial genuine brake assemblies. Although there were no significant differences in either PM10 or PM2.5 emissions between the different cooling air flow rates, brake wear decreased and ultrafine particle (PM0.12) emissions increased with the increase in the cooling air flow rate. Particle mass measurements were collected on filter media, allowing chemical composition analysis to identify the source of brake wear particle mass emissions. The iron concentration in the brake wear particles indicated that the main contribution was derived from disc wear. Using a systematic approach that measured brake wear and wear particle emissions, this study was able to characterize correlations with elemental compositions in brake friction materials, adding to our understanding of the mechanical phenomena of brake wear and wear particle emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission and Transport of Wear Particles)
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13 pages, 11591 KiB  
Article
Tribological Behavior of Friction Materials Containing Aluminum Anodizing Waste Obtained by Different Industrial Drying Processes
by Giovanni Straffelini, Priyadarshini Jayashree, Andrea Barbieri and Roberto Masciocchi
Lubricants 2024, 12(5), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050173 - 11 May 2024
Viewed by 1074
Abstract
With sustainability dominating the industry, recycling the generated waste from different processes is becoming increasingly important. This study focuses on recycling waste generated during aluminum anodizing waste (AAW) in friction material formulations for automotive braking applications. However, before utilization, the waste needs to [...] Read more.
With sustainability dominating the industry, recycling the generated waste from different processes is becoming increasingly important. This study focuses on recycling waste generated during aluminum anodizing waste (AAW) in friction material formulations for automotive braking applications. However, before utilization, the waste needs to be pre-treated, which mainly involves drying. Hence, four different industrial drying methods were studied to dry the AAW, and the corresponding characteristics were observed by evaluating its residual humidity and crushability index. The waste powders were further characterized using FT-IR and SEM/EDXS to understand their constituents. The initial analysis showed that the waste subjected to the drying process P2 and P1 with the lowest final humidity fetched the most desirable results, with P1 having the simpler drying procedure. The AAW powders were added in a commercial friction material formulation at 6 and 12 wt.% and subjected to friction, wear, and non-exhaust particulate matter analysis. The worn surfaces were analyzed using SEM/EDXS evaluation to understand the extension and composition of the deposited secondary contact plateaus. It was seen that the 12 wt.% addition of waste processed using the P1 technique provided the most satisfactory friction, wear, and emission characteristics, along with expansive secondary contact plateaus with a good contribution of the waste in its formation. This study showed a good relationship between the processing method and a formulation’s tribological and emission characteristics, thereby paving the way for using this drying method for other waste requiring pre-treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission and Transport of Wear Particles)
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14 pages, 4805 KiB  
Article
Dynamometric Investigation on Airborne Particulate Matter from Automobile Brake: Impact of Disc Materials on Brake Emission Factor
by Mu Hyeok Jeong, Won Cheol Shin, Yoon-Suk Oh, Jungju Lee, Seung Hun Huh, Jae-Hwan Pee, Hyungjo Seo, Ho Jang and Jong-Young Kim
Lubricants 2023, 11(12), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11120526 - 11 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1844
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the impact of disc rotors of gray cast iron (GCI), nitrocarburized (NC), and superhard ceramic-coated (SCC) GCI on the brake wear PM emissions of passenger vehicles using dynamometric measurements. The brake emission factor (BEF) of the SCC was [...] Read more.
In this work, we evaluated the impact of disc rotors of gray cast iron (GCI), nitrocarburized (NC), and superhard ceramic-coated (SCC) GCI on the brake wear PM emissions of passenger vehicles using dynamometric measurements. The brake emission factor (BEF) of the SCC was greatly reduced by more than a factor of 1/5 compared with those for the GCI and NC for both low-steel and non-steel friction materials. Surface topological and microstructural analyses confirmed that more severe wear was pronounced for the NC rotor compared with the SCC, as evidenced by large concave pits in the wear tracks. Analysis of the size-classified airborne PM suggests that reduced micron-sized particles, which originated from the GCI disc, were responsible for the lower BEF due to the increased hardness of the SCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission and Transport of Wear Particles)
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