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Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II

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A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 11620

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Dr. Michela Balestri

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Guest Editor

School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
Interests: stress; wildlife management; conservation education; outreach; primates; animal behaviour
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Dr. Marco Campera

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Guest Editor

Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
Interests: conservation; agroforestry; bio-loggers; biodiversity; translocations; animal behaviour; ecosystem services
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Understanding species’ vulnerability to habitat loss is of pivotal importance for conservation planning of threatened species. It is well known that habitat loss is one of the major threats of biodiversity loss worldwide. When a habitat is destroyed, degraded, or becomes fragmented, the plants, animals, and other organisms that occupy the habitat exeperience a reduction in the capacity or ability to survive, to the point that populations can decline and become extinct. Some species, however, can thrive in conditions of degraded and fragmented habitats, and can even spread into human-modified habitats.

In this Special Issue we are seeking original articles, commentaries, meta-analyses, and reviews that investigate species’ responses to habitat loss and the creation of new habitats. What are the traits that are linked to the ability to survive in conditions of habitat loss? What are the consequences of habitat loss in terms of physiological responses and stress levels? This Special Issue is mainly focused on plants and animals, but original contributions on other organisms may be accepted.

We encourage submissions on the following topics:

Species traits that can predict vulnerability to habitat loss;
Species responses to edge habitats;
Stressors and stresses linked to habitat loss;
The ability of species to survive in human-modified habitats;
Importance of dispersal in allowing the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes;
Successful conservation planning strategies.

Other topics relevant to the SI can be also considered prior to an inquiry sent to the guest editors.

Dr. Michela Balestri
Dr. Marco Campera
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

edge effect
stress
species trait
threatened species
fragmentation
habitat shift
dispersal
extinction risk
conservation planning

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Related Special Issue

Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss in Land (11 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution and Habitat Suitability of the Malabar Slender Loris (Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus) in the Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, India

by Smitha D. Gnanaolivu, Joseph J. Erinjery, Marco Campera and Mewa Singh

Land 2025, 14(4), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040872 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 424

Abstract

Understanding how mammals respond to climate change is critical for predicting future biogeographic shifts and implementing effective conservation strategies. In this study, we applied MaxEnt modeling to identify key determinants of the distribution of the Malabar slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus), a nocturnal primate endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Using 416 slender loris sightings, spatially thinned at 0.5 km intervals to reduce spatial autocorrelation, we evaluated 19 present bioclimatic variables alongside 10 additional climatic variables. From these, 14 predictor variables with Pearson correlation values above 0.75 were selected for analysis. Future distribution models employed bioclimatic projections from the CNRM-CM5 global climate models under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. The current distribution models identified 23 km² as a suitable habitat for slender lorises, with 3 km² suitable for males and 12 km² for females. Projections for 2070 under RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios predict habitat reductions of 52%, 13%, and 8%, respectively, signaling significant vulnerability under changing climatic conditions. Precipitation of the warmest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, distance from roads, and elevation were identified as the most influential variables shaping the species’ distribution. This study underscores the pressing need for targeted conservation efforts to mitigate habitat loss and fragmentation, particularly in the context of climate change. By providing a detailed analysis of current and future habitat suitability, it lays the groundwork for similar predictive studies on nocturnal small mammals. As climate change accelerates, the integration of species–specific ecological insights and advanced modeling techniques will be vital in guiding conservation actions and preserving biodiversity in vulnerable ecosystems like the Western Ghats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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24 pages, 2158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Climate Resilience and Food Security in Greece Through Agricultural Biodiversity

by Efstratios Loizou, Konstantinos Spinthiropoulos, Stavros Kalogiannidis, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis, Dimitrios Kalfas and George Tzilantonis

Land 2025, 14(4), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040838 - 11 Apr 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

This study examined how agricultural biodiversity can build climate change resilience and food security in Greece. The aims of this study were to identify and examine the role of genetic, species, ecosystem, and functional diversity in enhancing agricultural resilience against climate volatility. Data were collected from 384 agricultural specialists in Greece using a quantitative, cross-sectional survey technique. The self-administered questionnaire elicited information on the perceived effectiveness of different types of biodiversity in sustaining yield stability for crops, pest and disease control, soil conservation, and nutrient cycling. The hypotheses of this study were tested using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that genetic diversity decreases crop yield risks, species diversity lowers pest and disease vulnerability, ecosystem diversity impacts to soil and water conservation, and functional diversity can optimize nutrient cycling and ecosystem services. The regression analysis was able to explain 62.1% of the variability in agricultural resilience, underlining the importance of the conservation of biological diversity in the provision of food. This study points to the need for bio-diversity management in agriculture to address the impacts of climate change and support productivity in food production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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27 pages, 5854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Naturalness and Tree Composition Determine the Abundance of Rare and Threatened Orchids in Mature and Old-Growth Abies alba Forests in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

by Antonio Pica, Bartolomeo Schirone, Sara Magrini, Paolo Laghi, Kevin Cianfaglione and Alfredo Di Filippo

Land 2025, 14(3), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030579 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 824

Abstract

Forest Orchidaceae are important for European temperate forests, yet their distribution and abundance have so far interested limited research. In three pure or mixed silver fir stands in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park (NP) (Northern Apennines, Italy) we analysed how structural traits in mature and old-growth forests affected orchid communities in terms of abundance of the main genera, trophic strategy and rarity in the NP. We established three 20 × 60 m plots to quantify the structure of living and dead tree community, including a set of old-growth attributes connected to large trees, deadwood, and established regeneration. In each plot, we measured the abundance of all orchid species and explored their behaviour according to the trophic strategy (autotrophy/mixotrophy, obligate mycoheterotrophy), rarity within the NP, and threatened status according to the IUCN Red List. We used multivariate ordination and classification techniques to assess plot similarities according to forest structure and Orchid Community and identify the main structural factors related to orchid features. The main structural factors were used as predictors of community traits. Forest composition (i.e., the dominance/abundance of silver fir) affected the presence of the main orchid genera: Epipactis were abundant in silver fir-dominated forests, Cephalanthera in mixed beech and fir forests. Interestingly, Cephalanthera could become limited even in beech-dominated conditions if fir regeneration was abundant and established. Old-growth attributes like the density of deadwood and large tree volume were important determinants of the presence of rare and mycoheterotrophic species. Our results provided a first quantitative description of forest reference conditions to be used in the protection and restoration of threatened and rare orchid species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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21 pages, 4764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Urban Greening Spaces for Avian Communities in an Urbanized Landscape

by Grzegorz Kopij

Land 2025, 14(2), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020400 - 14 Feb 2025

Viewed by 518

Abstract

Island ecology plays an important role in explaining various ecological and evolutionary processes. Small, isolated oceanic islands, exemplified by the Azores Archipelago, are especially vulnerable to adverse environmental conditions and human impact. The study aims to evaluate the impact of urbanization, especially the urban greening space, on the structure and dynamics of avian communities associated with various landforms in an urbanized landscape in one of the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago, São Miguel Island, in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Samples were collected in the second half of April 2024. The line transect method (43 transects with a total of 37.4 km) was employed to count all bird species breeding in different landforms distinguished in the city: coastal land, urbanized land, rural land, and urban greening space. The obtained results showed that the number of breeding species was much higher in urban greening spaces (n = 20) than in the other lands (n = 10–14 species). Both cumulative dominance and dominance indices were much lower in urban greening space than in the other landforms. The Sørensen Index of Similarity between the four main land categories distinguished in the city varied between 0.62 and 0.96, being the lowest between the coastal and urban greening space, and the highest between the urbanized and rural lands. Two main feeding guilds were distinguished in the study area: granivores and insectivores. The former guild clearly dominated over the latter in all major land categories distinguished. Clearly, the proportion of granivores increased with urbanization. Also, two nesting guilds were distinguished: buildings and trees/shrubs. The former was dominant in all land categories except for the urban greening space where the tree/shrub nesting guild was more numerous than the building guild. The tree/shrub guild declined with urbanization. A general trend was recorded: the higher the level of urbanization, the lower the percentage of urban greening space, and in consequence, the lower the number of bird species and diversity indices, but the higher the cumulative dominance and dominance indices. The overall density of birds remains, however, distinctively similar. In the future, data on the population densities and dominance of particular species should be collected in urbanized landforms in other towns of the Azores Archipelago and Macaronesia at large. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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18 pages, 2620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ANCHOR: An Opportunity to Change Landscape Connectivity Networks and Conservation Delivery At-Scale in the U.S.

by Bridgett E. Costanzo, E. Jean Brennan, Elissa M. Olimpi and Justin P. Suraci

Land 2025, 14(2), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020385 - 12 Feb 2025

Viewed by 614

Abstract

Connectivity modeling has been a tool available to the conservation community since the 1980s that guides our responses to habitat fragmentation. While the sophistication of computer modeling continues to grow, on-the-ground delivery remains challenging and lacks urgency. We present an approach to scale up delivery and do so within effective timeframes. The approach, termed ANCHOR (Areawide Networks to Connect Habitat and Optimize Resiliency), is grounded in connectivity science but executed in a manner that is flexible, expandable, and measurable. ANCHOR goes beyond the traditional protected area focus for establishing connected biomes to maximize the contributions of existing public lands and expand private landowner participation. The approach is applied using an umbrella species to represent a faunal group and/or multiple taxa to deliver co-benefits of landscape connectivity. Public lands receive connectivity rankings that are then used to engage potential connectivity partners who commit land units and collectively monitor improvements in habitat quality and landscape resiliency. The ANCHOR approach can guide unprecedented participation across agencies and departments to create public lands networks, while private and corporate lands establish landscape connections. To illustrate the approach, we present an example of native grasslands conservation in the central and eastern U.S. and an emerging partnership with the Department of Defense. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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23 pages, 2472 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Early Detection of Wild Ungulate Herbivory Cessation in Mediterranean Landscapes Using Hill Numbers as Vascular Plant Diversity Indices

by José M. García del Barrio, Ramón Perea, Rafael Villafuerte-Jordán and María Martínez Jaúregui

Land 2024, 13(12), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122006 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Herbivory by ungulates is a seminal driving force in Mediterranean landscapes, where habitat diversity contributes to supporting high population densities. We investigated the influence of grazing and browsing, primarily by red deer (Cervus elaphus), on herbaceous and woody plant species, using a twin-plot design with herbivory exclusion. The prompt detection of herbivory cessation in vegetation was measured in multiscale plots by calculating Hill’s numbers (0, 1, and 2) as diversity indices over two years. The results revealed an increased diversity gradient by habitats (Pine reforestation→Mediterranean woodland→dehesas of Quercus spp.) with an initial increase in overall species and herbaceous species richness in the fenced plots. Woody vegetation did not change significantly in species richness, or typical or dominant ones. In addition to the early changes detected in the richness of herbaceous species (⁰D_her), medium–long term variations in woody species (presence and abundance) would represent good indicators of herbivory pressure for a diverse array of Mediterranean habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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15 pages, 2660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Response of Insects and Weeds within the Crop to Variation in Sowing Density of Canola

by Lucie Vykydalová, Petra Martínez Barroso, Igor Děkanovský, Eva Hrudová, Yentriani Rumeta Lumbantobing, Markéta Michutová and Jan Winkler

Land 2024, 13(9), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091509 - 17 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1040

Abstract

The relationships between weeds and insects in canola stands with different seeding rates are not fully understood. Varying seeding rates in canola crops can create different conditions that affect both weed and insect populations and their interactions. The aim of this work was to determine the response of weeds and insects of selected taxa to different densities of canola stand densities and to clarify the interactions between weeds and insects in canola stands. The field experiment was conducted on a plot located in the cadastral area of the municipality of Pěnčín (Moravia, Czech Republic). The results show that a reduced canola sowing rate of oilseed rape leads to increased weed infestation, which is dominated by one taxon (Papaver rhoeas L.). The increase in weed infestation of canola stands is not reflected in an increase in the diversity of captured insects. Increased canola seeding rate improves weed suppression but increases the number of canola pest insects. A higher number of plants and more canola biomass increase the food supply and, thus, make the stand more attractive to canola pests. The taxon Brassicogethes aeneus dominated the pests species spectrum. Changing the seeding rate of canola results in a response in weed and insect populations. The standard recommended seeding rate is optimal in terms of competitive suppression of weeds and the occurrence of pests and trapped insects. Increasing or decreasing the seeding rate of rapeseed does not bring any benefits in terms of pest regulation or biodiversity. However, the results obtained indicate an interesting weed–insect interaction in the conditions of canola stands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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10 pages, 2071 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Environmental Factors Driving Diversification of Ponderosa Pine in the Western United States

by James H. Speer and Megan Heyman

Land 2024, 13(9), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091428 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1156

Abstract

We used cluster analysis on 200-year-old tree-ring chronologies to examine the patterns that emerge from self-organization, driven by environmental heterogeneity, that might drive diversification in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). We determined the natural patterns on the landscape and then tested these groups against historically separated varieties within this species that could be evidence of diversification. We used 178 previously collected tree-ring chronologies from the western United States that were archived in the International Tree-Ring Databank. We explored a variety of clustering techniques, settling on Ward’s clustering with Euclidian distance measures as the most reasonable clustering process. These techniques identified two (p = 0.005) to ten (p = 0.01) potential natural clusters in the ponderosa pine chronologies. No matter the number of clusters, we found that the ponderosa pine varieties ponderosa and benthamiana always cluster together. The variety scopulorum differentiates clearly on its own, but brachyptera is a mix of diverse groups, based on the environmental driving factors that control tree-ring chronology variability. Cluster analysis is a useful tool to examine natural grouping on the landscape using long-term tree-ring chronologies, enabling the researcher to examine the patterns of environmental heterogeneity that should lead to speciation. From this analysis, we suggest that the brachyptera variety should be more varied genetically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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16 pages, 2680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Habitat and Body Condition of Small Mammals in a Country at Mid-Latitude

by Linas Balčiauskas and Laima Balčiauskienė

Land 2024, 13(8), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081214 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1215

Abstract

The relationship between the body condition of different small mammal species and the habitat they occupy is poorly analyzed. We analyzed the body condition index, BCI, of 18 small mammal species trapped in forest, shrub, wetland, meadow, riparian, mixed and fragmented, disturbed, agricultural, and commensal habitats of Lithuania during the span of 1980–2023. The composition of small mammal communities was habitat-dependent, being richest in meadows, with eighteen species, and poorest in riparian habitats, with nine species. A significant variation in the BCI with respect to habitat was observed in eight small mammal species (Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Apodemus agrarius, A. flavicollis, Clethrionomys glareolus, Alexandromys oeconomus, Microtus agrestis, and M. arvalis). The highest average BCI for most of these species was found in disturbed habitats, with S. minutus and M. arvalis showing the highest BCI in agricultural habitats. The lowest average BCI for most species was found in mixed habitats, while C. glareolus and M. arvalis exhibited the lowest BCI in shrub habitats. In general, species dominating certain habitats did not have the highest BCI. This is the first multi-species, multi-habitat study of body condition in small mammals at mid-latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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12 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Breeding Season Habitat Selection of Three Commonly Occurring Bird Species in a Patchy Habitat in SE China

by Xin Luo, Shuai Gao, Sichun Tong, Yao Cai, Zheng Wang and Ning Li

Land 2024, 13(6), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060807 - 6 Jun 2024

Viewed by 975

Abstract

Research into bird habitat selection can unveil the impact of specific habitat characteristics on bird survival. However, empirical information on the environmental factor preferences and differences within the yew ecological garden for birds is still lacking. This study was conducted in a yew ecological garden located in the southern experimental area of the Meihua Mountain National Nature Reserve, Fujian Province, China. We selected three commonly occurring bird species for analysis to discern the factors influencing habitat selection and interspecific differences and the impact of habitat environmental factors. Canopy density and coverage were identified as dominant factors influencing habitat selection for the Red-billed Blue Magpie (Urocissa erythrorhyncha), Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus), and Orange-bellied Leafbird (Chloropsis hardwickii). The height of perching trees, average tree height, and average diameter at breast height were all important determinants for the habitat selection of Red-billed Blue Magpie and Black Bulbul. These dominant factors were consistent with logistic regression analysis results. Both one-way ANOVA and stepwise discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in habitat selection among three commonly occurring bird species. Our results provide important insights into avian habitat selection in patchy habitats, which can be used as a guideline for future conservation and habitat management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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24 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identifying the Climatic and Anthropogenic Impact on Vegetation Surrounding the Natural Springs of the Arava Valley Using Remote Sensing Methods

by Ariel Mordechai Meroz, Avshalom Babad and Noam Levin

Land 2024, 13(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030361 - 12 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

Natural springs, recognized as biodiversity hotspots and keystone ecosystems, exert positive ecological influences beyond their immediate extent, particularly in dryland environments. The water feeding these springs, largely governed by natural climatic conditions, is susceptible to anthropogenic impacts. The objective of this study was to determine the factors that cause fluctuations in water availability to springs of the hyper-arid Arava Valley (Israel/Jordan). Using the Standard Precipitation Index, we statistically classified the historical record of yearly rainfall for the past four decades into clusters of dry and wet sub-periods. We assessed changes in vegetation cover around the springs using the Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for each sub-period. To assess the anthropogenic effects, we examined the correlations between vegetation cover, water extraction from the aquifer, and the status of adjacent agricultural plots that share a hydrological connection with the springs. Our findings revealed fluctuations between wet and dry sub-periods over the last four decades. We observed high responsiveness of vegetation cover around the springs to these fluctuating sub-periods. Of the 25 studied springs, 12 were directly influenced by anthropogenic factors—7 experienced a decline in vegetation, which we attributed to water extraction from the aquifers, while vegetation increase in 5 springs was attributed to water seepage from agricultural areas upstream. In conclusion, addressing vital habitats such as natural springs in arid drylands requires a holistic approach that integrates long-term climatic, ecological, and anthropogenic observations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 355 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alien Plant Invasion: Are They Strictly Nature’s Enemy and How Can We Use Their Supremacy?

by Lenka Bobuľská, Lenka Demková, Gabriela Pinčáková and Tomáš Lošák

Land 2025, 14(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010107 - 7 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1035

Abstract

The invasion of plant species is considered to be one of the most dangerous forces in biodiversity change and alteration of soil properties. Due to their significant impact on ecology and the economy, it is important to find an effective approach to manage invasive plant expansion and utilize them as a beneficial biomass source. This review focuses on the characterization of the negative and positive features of invasive plant species in general. Most studies focus on invasive species removal and lack an evaluation of their potential in modern biotechnologies. Currently, there are studies aimed at investigating their use in soil remediation, medicine, the chemical industry, the textile industry, and even gastronomy. Based on these reviews, we bring forward possible future developments in this research field which might serve as a theoretical premise for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Vulnerability and Habitat Loss II)

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