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Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses
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Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses

A special issue of Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X). This special issue belongs to the section "Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 May 2025 | Viewed by 9461

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yvonne Gräser

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
Interests: dermatophytes; taxonomy; phylogeny; PCR diagnostics; epidemiology; mating types; antifungal resistence
Dr. Pietro Nenoff

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Labor für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbis, Rötha, Germany
Interests: dermatomycoses; skin fungal infection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will discuss recent developments in our understanding of the epidemiology of zoophilic dermatophytes in Europe and the world. Pet-associated dermatophytosis is on the rise in some countries, not least during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging pathogens include Trichophyton benhamiae and Microsporum canis. New pathogens, such as Trichophyton quinckeanum and Anthropophilic dermatophytes, are increasingly spreading, being associated with climate change, especially drought. A prime example is Trichophyton tonsurans, which is primarily seen among wrestlers but is also transmitted in the barbershop. Trichophyton mentagrophytes of genotype VIII and Trichophyton indotineae should continue to be the focus of research concerning their worldwide spread, as well terbinafine resistance. Adequate susceptibility testing of dermatophytes to terbinafine, as well as azoles, is a current challenge in dermatomycology. Furthermore, dermatophytosis of hairy scalp caused by virtually all groups of dermatophytes—zoophilic, geophilic, anthropophilic—is being seen more frequently. This should be dealt with adequately and in accordance with guidelines. Finally, onychomycosis is a relevant disease in people with diabetes. Modern diagnostics using molecular methods and consistent guideline-based (long-term) treatment represent the ultima ratio to help those affected.

Prof. Dr. Yvonne Gräser
Dr. Pietro Nenoff
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Fungi is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dermatomycology
  • epidemiology
  • dermatophytes
  • resistance

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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22 pages, 4896 KiB  
Article
Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS Genotype VIII/Trichophyton indotineae Infection and Antifungal Resistance in Bangladesh
by Mohammed Saiful Islam Bhuiyan, Shyam B. Verma, Gina-Marie Illigner, Silke Uhrlaß, Esther Klonowski, Anke Burmester, Towhida Noor and Pietro Nenoff
J. Fungi 2024, 10(11), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10110768 - 5 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2389
Abstract
Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII, also known as Trichophyton indotineae, is a new species of the T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale complex and its first records, albeit under a different species name, are from the Indian subcontinent, Middle Eastern [...] Read more.
Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII, also known as Trichophyton indotineae, is a new species of the T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale complex and its first records, albeit under a different species name, are from the Indian subcontinent, Middle Eastern Asia, and West Asia. T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII (T. indotineae) has spread globally and has now been documented in over 30 countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and proportion of terbinafine- and itraconazole-resistant isolates of T. mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII (T. indotineae) in Bangladesh. This was part of an official collaborative project between IADVL (Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh. Over a period of 6 months, ninety-nine patients of chronic recalcitrant tinea corporis were recruited from BSMMU hospital. Species identification was performed by fungal culture and morphological observation of the upper and lower surfaces of fungal colonies, as well as by using fluorescent microscopy. In addition, a PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-ELISA was performed to group the patients into those with the T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale complex. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene was sequenced. Samples were tested for resistance to terbinafine and itraconazole by mutational analyses of the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) and the ergosterol 11B (ERG11B) genes. A total of 79/99 samples showed a positive culture. In 76 of these isolates, T. mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII (T. indotineae) could be reliably identified both by culture and molecular testing. Resistance testing revealed terbinafine resistance in 49 and itraconazole resistance in 21 patients. Among these, 11 patients were resistant to both the antifungal agents. Mutations L393S, L393F, F397L, and F397I of the SQLE gene were associated with terbinafine resistance. Resistance to itraconazole could not be explained by mutations in the ERG11B gene. Infections with T. mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII (T. indotineae) have become a public health issue with potentially global ramifications. About 62% of samples from Bangladesh showed resistance to terbinafine, making oral itraconazole the most effective drug currently available, although resistance to itraconazole and both terbinafine and itraconazole also exists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses)
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17 pages, 3442 KiB  
Article
Trichophyton indotineae Erg1Ala448Thr Strain Expressed Constitutively High Levels of Sterol 14-α Demethylase Erg11B mRNA, While Transporter MDR3 and Erg11A mRNA Expression Was Induced After Addition of Short Chain Azoles
by Nadine Berstecher, Anke Burmester, Deborah Maria Gregersen, Jörg Tittelbach and Cornelia Wiegand
J. Fungi 2024, 10(11), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10110731 - 22 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1218
Abstract
Trichophyton indotineae is an emerging pathogen causing recalcitrant skin infections and exhibiting multiple resistances to azoles and allylamines. Squalene epoxidase erg1Ala448Thr mutants often show association with azole resistance. RT-PCR gene expression analysis helps to elucidate the connection between ergosterol biosynthesis regulation and [...] Read more.
Trichophyton indotineae is an emerging pathogen causing recalcitrant skin infections and exhibiting multiple resistances to azoles and allylamines. Squalene epoxidase erg1Ala448Thr mutants often show association with azole resistance. RT-PCR gene expression analysis helps to elucidate the connection between ergosterol biosynthesis regulation and efflux control through the activation of multidrug resistance (MDR) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS1) transporters as well as heat shock proteins (HSP). Several T. indotineae isolates demonstrated a heat-dependent increase of Erg11B transcripts combined with downregulation of Erg1, suggesting a protective role for Erg11B. They also showed persistent upregulation of MFS1. The addition of fluconazole or voriconazole induced the expression of Erg11A, MDR3 and, to a lesser extent, Erg11B and Erg1. The azole-resistant erg1Ala448Thr mutant UKJ 476/21 exhibited exceptionally high transcript levels of sterol 14-αdemethylase Erg11B, combined with the inability of HSP60 and HSP90 to respond to increasing growth temperatures. Itraconazole demonstrated similar effects in a few T. indotineae isolates, but terbinafine did not enhance Erg1 transcription at all. Overexpression of Erg11B may explain the multiple azole resistance phenotype, whereas Erg11B point mutations are not associated with resistance to azoles used for medical treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses)
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14 pages, 3922 KiB  
Article
Microsporum canis Causes Cutaneous and Extracutaneous Feline Dermatophytic Pseudomycetomas: Molecular Identification and Clinicopathological Characteristics
by Stefan Hobi, Wing Yan Jacqueline Tam, May Tse, Omid Nekouei, Yingfei Chai, Fraser I. Hill, Edmund Cheung, Wietz Botes, Francois Saulnier-Troff, Colin T. McDermott and Vanessa R. Barrs
J. Fungi 2024, 10(8), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080576 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2381
Abstract
Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 [...] Read more.
Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 suspected DPM cases in 30 cats were retrieved from a diagnostic laboratory between 2018 and 2024. To confirm DPM and molecular identity, DNA was extracted from FFPET for ITS2 sequencing, and immunohistochemistry was performed on PCR-negative cases. All cases were confirmed as DPM. Microsporum canis was the only dermatophyte identified. The sensitivity and specificity of ITS2 sequencing for M. canis identification in FFPET were 22/32 (68.8%) and 21/22 (95.5%), respectively. Exotic (36.7%) and Persian (23.3%) but not British breeds (26.3%) were over-represented compared to feline admissions at an affiliated veterinary hospital (8.5%, p < 0.001; 3%, p < 0.001; 21.6%, p = 0.817, respectively). Five cases (16.7%) had EC lesions; two had intra-abdominal masses; two had oral cavity masses, including one which extended into the cranial vault; and one had superficial cervical lymph node invasion. Exotic and Persian breeds are over-represented for DPM and M. canis is the primary cause. EC lesions of DPM may occur more commonly than previously thought. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses)
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11 pages, 1579 KiB  
Brief Report
Superficial Zoonotic Mycoses in Humans Associated with Cats
by Marcin Piorunek, Honorata Kubisiak-Rzepczyk, Aleksandra Dańczak-Pazdrowska, Tomasz Trafas and Jarosław Walkowiak
J. Fungi 2024, 10(4), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040244 - 24 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2887
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal skin infection common in humans around the world and is one of the many zoonotic skin diseases that cat owners are at risk of contracting. This retrospective study was conducted based on a detailed analysis of the results [...] Read more.
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal skin infection common in humans around the world and is one of the many zoonotic skin diseases that cat owners are at risk of contracting. This retrospective study was conducted based on a detailed analysis of the results of mycological examination and medical documentation of 56 patients diagnosed with cat-to-human dermatophytoses from January 2017 to July 2022. Zoonotic mycoses were diagnosed more frequently in young people and women. In children, lesions most often occurred in the scalp area, and in adults, in the glabrous skin area. Skin infections caused by Microsporum canis (M. canis) prevailed and were confirmed in 47 patients (83.9%). Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes) was found in nine (16.1%) patients. M. canis predominantly caused infections of the scalp, followed by lower limb infections. Hairy scalps were almost exclusively involved in children. The odds of diagnosing M. canis infection compared to T. mentagrophytes infection was significantly higher in the head than in other regions, especially among children. The positive predictive value of a direct macroscopic examination was relatively low. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses)
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