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Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses, 2nd Edition
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Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X). This special issue belongs to the section "Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2023) | Viewed by 4539

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pietro Nenoff

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
Interests: medical fungi; dermatophytes; modern diagnostic methods; treatment in dermatomycology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Philipp P. Bosshard

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Interests: medical fungi; dermatomycosis; sexually transmitted infections; skin microbiome, diagnostic methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dermatomycosis caused by dermatophytes is one of the most common superficial infections, and if one takes onychomycosis or tinea unguium into account, dermatophyte infections most likely outnumber bacterial skin infections. Infections caused by the genus Trichophyton have the highest clinical significance among those caused by the seven genera known today as per the new taxonomy of dermatophytes. Trichophyton rubrum, the most common anthropophilic dermatophyte worldwide, is currently being increasingly replaced by other species, with Trichophyton interdigitale being one such species. However, the epidemic-like spread of the molecular offshoot Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotype VIII on the Indian subcontinent, and now having increasingly been reported in several countries across the globe, is causing increasing concern. Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS VIII has currently been classified as the new species of Trichophyton indotineae. Irrespective of the two names used interchangeably, they are molecularly identical and demonstrate terbinafine resistance in vitro and relevant point mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. The other dermatophyte regarded as an emerging pathogen is Trichophyton tonsurans as a causative agent of not only tinea gladiatorum, but also of the so-called barbershop mycosis (Tinea capitis et faciei due to Trichophyton tonsurans). Additionally, zoophilic dermatophyte species such as Trichophyton quinckeanum and Trichophyton benhamiae are causing concern, with the latter dermatophyte spreading almost explosively in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, especially in Germany.

We endeavor to dedicate this Special Issue to significant infections caused by the genus Trichophyton, in the hopes that it will be an easily accessible resource under one umbrella.

Prof. Dr. Pietro Nenoff
Dr. Philipp P. Bosshard
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Fungi is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • recalcitrant tinea
  • Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII and Trichophyton indotineae
  • misuse of topical steroids (clobetasol) (an undeniable link, experiences from the Indian subcontinent)
  • terbinafine resistance
  • squalene epoxidase gene
  • itraconazole
  • zoophilic dermatophytes

Published Papers (3 papers)

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12 pages, 722 KiB  
Article
A New Genotype of Trichophyton quinckeanum with Point Mutations in Erg11A Encoding Sterol 14-α Demethylase Exhibits Increased Itraconazole Resistance
by Paula Winter, Anke Burmester, Jörg Tittelbach and Cornelia Wiegand
J. Fungi 2023, 9(10), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9101006 - 12 Oct 2023
Viewed by 950
Abstract
Trichophyton quinckeanum, the causative agent of mouse favus, has been responsible for several infections of animal owners in recent years and showed an infection peak around 2020 in Jena, Thuringia. The isolated T. quinckeanum strains from Thuringia differ in some positions of [...] Read more.
Trichophyton quinckeanum, the causative agent of mouse favus, has been responsible for several infections of animal owners in recent years and showed an infection peak around 2020 in Jena, Thuringia. The isolated T. quinckeanum strains from Thuringia differ in some positions of the ITS region compared to strains from the IHEM collection as well as to Trichophyton schoenleinii. All T. quinckeanum strains of the new genotype show up to a 100-fold increased itraconazole resistance as measured by microplate laser nephelometry (MLN) assays. Analysis of genes involved in Trichophyton indotineae azole resistance, such as Erg1, which encodes squalene epoxidase, and Erg11B, one of two copies of the sterol 14-α demethylase gene, show a 100% identity between the two T. quinckeanum genotypes. In contrast, Erg11A fragments differ in 15-nucleotide positions between both T. quinckeanum genotypes, resulting in the unique amino acid substitution Ala256Ser in resistant strains. The new T. quinckeanum genotype may have evolved through interspecies mating. Mating type analysis showed a nearly 100% identity of the minus type MAT1-1-1 fragment for all T. quinckeanum isolates. The closely related Trichophyton schoenleinii belongs to the plus mating type and has 100% identical fragments of Erg1 and Erg11B. Erg11A protein sequences of T. schoenleinii and T. quinckeanum showed increased diversity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses, 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 6224 KiB  
Case Report
A Case of Tinea Corporis Caused by Trichophyton benhamiae var. luteum from a Degu and Evolution of the Pathogen’s Taxonomy
by Hiroshi Tanabe, Noriyuki Abe and Kazushi Anzawa
J. Fungi 2023, 9(11), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111122 - 19 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1655
Abstract
Background: Trichophyton benhamiae, an anthropophilic dermatophyte, can cause dermatophytosis in humans and animals with rising zoonotic infections through pets, primarily in Europe. Dermatophytosis from T. benhamiae is often misdiagnosed due to its inflammatory symptoms. We report a case of tinea corporis from [...] Read more.
Background: Trichophyton benhamiae, an anthropophilic dermatophyte, can cause dermatophytosis in humans and animals with rising zoonotic infections through pets, primarily in Europe. Dermatophytosis from T. benhamiae is often misdiagnosed due to its inflammatory symptoms. We report a case of tinea corporis from T. benhamiae var. luteum in a Japanese woman, contracted from pet Czech degus. Case: The 40-year-old patient developed neck papules resembling acne. Initial treatment with topical antibiotics and steroids exacerbated the rash. Fungal elements were not detected by direct potassium hydroxide examination. Skin biopsy confirmed fungal elements in the stratum corneum and hair follicles, and tinea corporis was diagnosed. Oral terbinafine 125 mg was initiated without topical agents. Erythematous papules appeared on her limbs, determined as a trichophytid reaction. After two months, her skin improved significantly. Fungal culture identified T. benhamiae var. luteum colonies with a yellowish hue. Mating tests classified the strain as Americano-European race (−) with MAT1-1 genotype. This was diagnosed as tinea corporis from T. benhamiae var. luteum, likely transmitted from pet Czech degus. Conclusions: The incidence rate of pet-transmitted cutaneous fungal infections may increase in Japan with the trend to keep exotic pets. Dermatologists must recognize dermatophytosis clinical features from anthropophilic dermatophytes to prevent misdiagnosis and understand evolving nomenclature and pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses, 2nd Edition)
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9 pages, 2997 KiB  
Case Report
Towards an Early Clinical and Biological Resistance Detection in Dermatophytosis: About 2 Cases of Trichophyton indotineae
by Giuseppe Russo, Laurence Toutous Trellu, Lionel Fontao and Béatrice Ninet
J. Fungi 2023, 9(7), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9070733 - 7 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Trichophyton indotineae causes resistant dermatophytosis to terbinafine. The global spread of terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae strains with mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene is a major issue. This emerging species is now more frequently isolated in Europe and we report here two cases of [...] Read more.
Trichophyton indotineae causes resistant dermatophytosis to terbinafine. The global spread of terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae strains with mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene is a major issue. This emerging species is now more frequently isolated in Europe and we report here two cases of T. indotineae tinea corporis in Switzerland, one with in vitro resistance to terbinafine and a second with in vitro susceptibility but a clinical resistance. Mycology isolation from cultures and sequencing ITS gene were used to confirm T. indotineae infection. In vitro antifungal susceptibility was tested in a microplate with a colorimetric detection of fungal viability for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Facing these emerging resistances and since there are a limited number of antifungal agents available to treat dermatophytosis, the early detection of terbinafine resistance should be a prerequisite in the management of T. indotineae infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses, 2nd Edition)
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