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Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II
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Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Coastal Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 June 2024) | Viewed by 18887

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vincent Gruwez

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Interests: coastal engineering; wave–structure interaction; wave hydrodynamics; CFD; physical modeling; field measurements; coastal safety
Dr. Tomohiro Suzuki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Flanders Hydraulics Research, Berchemlei 115, 2140 Antwerp, Belgium
2. Dept. of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: wave-structure interaction; wave-vegetation interaction; wave hydrodynamics; coastal safety; numerical modeling; physical modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Corrado Altomare

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Maritime Engineering Laboratory (LIM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—BarcelonaTech, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, Edifici D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: coastal engineering; computational fluid dynamics; smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the ongoing and increasingly severe sea level rise and changing wave climate, coastal structures (such as sea dikes, seawalls and breakwaters) are expected to more often become exposed to harsher wave conditions. Even though a lot of research related to wave–structure interactions has been carried out, it still remains one of the most important topics in the field of coastal engineering, including an increased interest in hybrid beach (–vegetation)–dike solutions. Research outcomes will lead to improved coastal safety against flooding, the environmental impact and cost efficiency of the construction.

This Special Issue is a follow-up to the successful first part “Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures”, welcoming papers presenting theoretical/mathematical, experimental or numerical work related to wave interactions with coastal structures, now also actively encouraging contributions focusing on or including field measurements. This Special Issue is dedicated to topics regarding wave interactions (e.g., run-up, overtopping, impact, etc.) with conventional coastal hard structures, but content and new outcomes related to constructions located in wave-affected zones such as apartment buildings on dikes or other infrastructures, as well as soft structures such as nature-based solutions, are also very welcome.

Dr. Vincent Gruwez
Dr. Tomohiro Suzuki
Dr. Corrado Altomare
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wave hydrodynamics
  • wave overtopping
  • wave force
  • (hybrid) coastal structures
  • infrastructures
  • physical modelling
  • numerical modelling
  • field measurements

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 7252 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Tsunami Wave Force Acting on Twin Box-Girder Bridges
by Quansheng Yan, Xianyun Li, Buyu Jia, Xiaolin Yu and Yufan Luo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071171 - 12 Jul 2024
Viewed by 650
Abstract
Earthquakes in coastal areas frequently trigger tsunami waves, posing significant threats to low-lying coastal bridges. Investigating extreme wave force on bridge deck is crucial for understanding bridge damage mechanisms. However, the majority of current research focuses on single bridge deck, with limited analysis [...] Read more.
Earthquakes in coastal areas frequently trigger tsunami waves, posing significant threats to low-lying coastal bridges. Investigating extreme wave force on bridge deck is crucial for understanding bridge damage mechanisms. However, the majority of current research focuses on single bridge deck, with limited analysis of wave impacts on twin bridge decks. In this paper, solitary wave is utilized to simulate tsunami wave, and a two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) model to analyze wave–bridge interactions and investigate the impact of tsunami wave on adjacent twin box-girder bridge decks. The numerical model was validated by solitary wave theory and wave force data obtained from the published experiment. Based on this model, the effects of the submergence coefficient, wave height, and deck spacing on the horizontal and vertical forces on the twin box-girder bridge decks were analyzed and compared with those in a single box-girder bridge deck. The results indicate that, firstly, due to wave reflection and the trapped water, the vertical wave force on the twin forward bridge deck significantly surpasses that on the single bridge deck. Furthermore, the twin backward bridge deck experiences greater horizontal force than single deck when the deck is completely submerged. Secondly, the maximum wave force on the twin bridge decks does not always consistently decrease with increasing deck spacing. Finally, the negative horizontal force would exceed the positive horizontal force on the twin forward bridge deck under higher wave. This paper delineates the disparities between twin and single box-girder bridge deck responses to wave action and analyzes the influencing factors. Such insights are pivotal for coastal bridge construction and natural disaster risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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20 pages, 15082 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Overtopping Volumes from Focused Wave Groups over Smooth Dikes with an Emerged Toe: Insights from Physical Model Tests
by Corrado Altomare and Xavi Gironella
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071143 - 8 Jul 2024
Viewed by 645
Abstract
This research examines the overtopping volumes associated with focused wave groups on smooth dikes with an emerged toe. Focused wave groups are employed to represent the highest waves of random sea states in a compact form, obviating the need to model the entire [...] Read more.
This research examines the overtopping volumes associated with focused wave groups on smooth dikes with an emerged toe. Focused wave groups are employed to represent the highest waves of random sea states in a compact form, obviating the need to model the entire irregular wave train. This study investigates how overtopping volumes are affected by focus location and phase. A total of 418 experimental tests were gathered and analyzed. Data with overtopping volumes below 600 L per meter (prototype conditions) were excluded in order to focus on extreme overtopping events, resulting in 324 relevant test cases. The experiments used first-order wave generation theory to analyze structural response. Subsequent studies will address the errors induced by this approximation and compare it with second-order wave generation. The experiments simulated extreme wave impacts on an idealized coastal layout, comprising a 1:6.3 foreshore slope and three different dike slopes, including vertical structures, with the initial still water level set below the dike toe. This study employed the NewWave theory to generate focused wave groups, with the objective of extending recent research on wave overtopping under varied conditions. The results, analyzed in both dimensional and non-dimensional forms, indicate that overtopping volumes are significantly influenced by the focus phase. Critical focus locations were identified at a distance of one-third of the deep-water wavelength from the toe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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16 pages, 4067 KiB  
Article
Physical Experimental Study on the Wave Reflection and Run-Up of a New Ecological Hollow Cube
by Haitao Zhao, Feiyue Ding, Junwei Ye, Huabin Jiang, Wei Chen, Weifang Gu, Gengfeng Yu and Qiang Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040664 - 17 Apr 2024
Viewed by 831
Abstract
Implementing quadrangular hollow blocks on breakwaters is a common method for wave mitigation and ocean disaster prevention. In order to improve the wave-damping performance of conventional quadrangular hollow blocks, a new quadrangular hollow block is proposed. In this study, a series of physical [...] Read more.
Implementing quadrangular hollow blocks on breakwaters is a common method for wave mitigation and ocean disaster prevention. In order to improve the wave-damping performance of conventional quadrangular hollow blocks, a new quadrangular hollow block is proposed. In this study, a series of physical modeling experiments were conducted in a two-dimensional wave flume to investigate the wave reflection and wave run-up height of a new quadrilateral hollow block under regular wave action. Test results showed that wave reflection and wave run-up height decreased with the breakwater slope. The wave run-up height increased with wave height, and the reflection coefficient decreased with wave height. Wave reflection and run-up height increased with the wave period. The reflection coefficient of the new quadrangular hollow blocks was lower than that of the conventional quadrangular hollow blocks and decreased with frame height. In addition, this study found that the reflection coefficient and relative run-up height increased with the average wave breaking parameter. The new quadrilateral hollow block has advantages in wave mitigation compared to the conventional quadrilateral hollow block. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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18 pages, 4012 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of Effects of the Layout of Permeable Pile Groin Systems on Longshore Currents
by Rong Zhang, Yongping Chen, Peng Yao, Marcel J. F. Stive and Jian Zeng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1823; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091823 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1255
Abstract
Coastal permeable groins have been used to protect beaches from erosion for centuries. However, the hydraulic functioning of permeable groins has not been fully understood and their design heavily depends on engineering experiences. In this study, numerical experiments were executed to investigate the [...] Read more.
Coastal permeable groins have been used to protect beaches from erosion for centuries. However, the hydraulic functioning of permeable groins has not been fully understood and their design heavily depends on engineering experiences. In this study, numerical experiments were executed to investigate the effects of layout configurations of a permeable groin system on longshore currents. The non-hydrostatic SWASH (Simulating WAve till SHore) model was employed to carry out the numerical simulations. Two data sets obtained from physical laboratory experiments with different permeable groin layouts on different slopes are used to validate the accuracy of the model. Then, the longshore current reduction by the permeable groin system with varying configuration parameters (e.g., groin spacing, groin length) was numerically investigated under different environmental conditions (e.g., a slight or a moderate wave climate). From the calculation results of numerical experiments, it is indicated that permeable groins function efficiently to reduce the maximal longshore current velocity under the condition that the groin length ranges from 84% and 109% of the wave breaker zone width. The longshore current reduction rate monotonously decreases with the increase in groin spacing; permeable pile groin functions best to reduce longshore current with the minimal groin spacing-groin length ratio 1:1 among the range between 1:1 and 2:1. When the groin spacing–groin length ratios are 1:1 and 1.5:1, the longshore current reduction is not sensitive to the investigated wave conditions in this study. When the spatial ratio is 2:1, the permeable pile groin system functions worse under a moderate wave climate than under a slight wave climate, from the view of longshore current reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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18 pages, 7518 KiB  
Article
Non-Hydrostatic Numerical Model of Bragg Resonance on Periodically Submerged Breakwater
by Tolulope Emmanuel Oginni and Xizeng Zhao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030650 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1245
Abstract
The Bragg resonance (BR) of a reflection coefficient resulting from the propagation of monochronic waves over periodically submerged breakwater was studied using the non-hydrostatic numerical model SWASH (Simulating WAves till SHore). Bragg resonance occurs when the incident wavelength is approximately twice the structural [...] Read more.
The Bragg resonance (BR) of a reflection coefficient resulting from the propagation of monochronic waves over periodically submerged breakwater was studied using the non-hydrostatic numerical model SWASH (Simulating WAves till SHore). Bragg resonance occurs when the incident wavelength is approximately twice the structural length of a periodic structural breakwater according to Bragg’s law and conditions. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of Bragg resonance at water depths of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m as the number of periodically submerged breakwater and their wavelengths changed. Specifically, this study focused on the Bragg resonance point of occurrence at a ratio of two structural wavelengths to the incoming wavelengths (2S/L). Regular waves were propagated over two periodically submerged breakwaters, with increasing structural wavelengths from 1 to 2 m at 0.2 m intervals. The results showed that Bragg resonances rapidly increase in value as the water depth decreases, but do not shift in their point of occurrence as the number of periodically submerged breakwaters increases. However, the Bragg resonance shifts leftward in 2S/L as the structural wavelength increases, with a slight increase in value at shallower water depths. More incident wave energy is reflected when the number of periodically submerged breakwater increases compared with when the structural wavelength of the periodically submerged breakwater increases. The differences in the Bragg resonance values are associated with the changes in the number of periodically submerged breakwater. Additionally, the shift in the point of occurrence was influenced by both water depth and structural length. This causes the Resulted Bragg resonance to deviate from the Expected Bragg resonance, which could be the reason why Bragg resonance does not mainly occur at 2S/L=1, as stated by Bragg’s law. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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27 pages, 4023 KiB  
Article
Wave Overtopping at Sea Dikes on Shallow Foreshores: A Review, an Evaluation, and Remaining Challenges
by Gulizar Ozyurt Tarakcioglu, Dogan Kisacik, Vincent Gruwez and Peter Troch
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030638 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1990
Abstract
Wave overtopping is a critical parameter in the design of coastal defense structures. Nowadays, several empirical formulations based on small-scale experiments are available in the literature to predict the mean overtopping discharge at dikes on shallow foreshores. Although the accuracy of the predictions [...] Read more.
Wave overtopping is a critical parameter in the design of coastal defense structures. Nowadays, several empirical formulations based on small-scale experiments are available in the literature to predict the mean overtopping discharge at dikes on shallow foreshores. Although the accuracy of the predictions has improved due to each approach’s contributions, the formulations’ performance depends on their range of applicability. In engineering applications, it is important to know the performance and limitations of the different formulas. This work presents a new experimental dataset focused on very shallow and extremely shallow foreshore conditions for a range of foreshore slopes (i.e., 1/20, 1/35, 1/50, and 1/80) and relative water depths. The recent developments in wave overtopping research on very shallow and extremely shallow foreshore conditions have been reviewed using this dataset to reflect the existing uncertainties and challenges in the wave-overtopping literature. We find that predicting wave overtopping for extremely shallow foreshore conditions still requires improvement. Additional research is needed to understand the (residual) influence on the wave overtopping of the foreshore slope and relative magnitude of the infragravity wave height to the sea-swell wave height at the dike toe, especially for extremely shallow foreshore conditions. The variation in performance of the formulas for different foreshore slopes is demonstrated. Finally, some of the remaining uncertainties that need further exploration are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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16 pages, 3774 KiB  
Article
Non-Hydrostatic Modelling of Coastal Flooding in Port Environments
by Tomohiro Suzuki, Corrado Altomare, Marc Willems and Sebastian Dan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030575 - 7 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1634
Abstract
Understanding key flooding processes such as wave overtopping and overflow (i.e., water flows over a structure when the crest level of the structure is lower than the water level in front) is crucial for coastal management and coastal safety assessment. In port and [...] Read more.
Understanding key flooding processes such as wave overtopping and overflow (i.e., water flows over a structure when the crest level of the structure is lower than the water level in front) is crucial for coastal management and coastal safety assessment. In port and harbour environments, waves are not only perpendicular to the coastal structure but also very oblique, with wavefronts almost perpendicular to the main infrastructures in the harbour docks. Propagation and wave–structure interaction of such perpendicular and (very) oblique waves need to be appropriately modelled to estimate wave overtopping properly. Overflow can also be critical for estimating flooding behind any coastal defence. In this study, such oblique and parallel waves (i.e., main wave direction is parallel to the structures) are modelled in a non-hydrostatic wave model and validated with physical model tests in the literature. On top, overflow is also modelled and validated using an existing empirical formula. The model gives convincing behaviours on the wave overtopping and overflow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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26 pages, 18346 KiB  
Article
Wave Motion and Seabed Response around a Vertical Structure Sheltered by Submerged Breakwaters with Fabry–Pérot Resonance
by Lai Jiang, Jisheng Zhang, Linlong Tong, Yakun Guo, Rui He and Ke Sun
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111797 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1994
Abstract
This paper presents the results from a numerical simulation study to investigate wave trapping by a series of trapezoidal porous submerged breakwaters near a vertical breakwater, as well as the seabed response around the vertical breakwater. An integrated model, based on the volume-averaged [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results from a numerical simulation study to investigate wave trapping by a series of trapezoidal porous submerged breakwaters near a vertical breakwater, as well as the seabed response around the vertical breakwater. An integrated model, based on the volume-averaged Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (VARANS) equations is developed to simulate the flow field, while the dynamic Biot’s equations are used for simulating the wave-induced seabed response. The reflection of the wave energy over the submerged breakwaters, caused by the vertical breakwater, can be reserved, indicating that the existence of the submerged breakwaters in the front of the vertical breakwater can either provide shelter or worsen the hazards to the vertical breakwater. Numerical examples show two different modes under the Fabry–Pérot (F–P) resonance condition of the wave transformation, namely the wave reflection (Mode 1) and the wave trapping (Mode 2). The distance between the submerged breakwaters and the vertical breakwater, is a key parameter dominating the local hydrodynamic process and the resultant dynamic stresses around the vertical breakwater. The numerical results indicated that more submerged breakwaters and a higher porosity of submerged breakwaters will obviously dissipate more wave energy, and hence induce a smaller wave force on the rear vertical breakwater and liquefaction area around the vertical breakwater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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18 pages, 6216 KiB  
Article
Boussinesq Simulation of Coastal Wave Interaction with Bottom-Mounted Porous Structures
by Kezhao Fang, Minghan Huang, Guanglin Chen, Jinkong Wu, Hao Wu and Tiantian Jiang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101367 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1996
Abstract
A Boussinesq-type wave model is developed in this paper to simulate the interaction of coastal waves with bottom-mounted porous structures. The governing equations are rewritten in the conservative form to facilitate the use of hybrid finite volume (FV) and finite difference (FD) method. [...] Read more.
A Boussinesq-type wave model is developed in this paper to simulate the interaction of coastal waves with bottom-mounted porous structures. The governing equations are rewritten in the conservative form to facilitate the use of hybrid finite volume (FV) and finite difference (FD) method. Higher-order slope terms are also inserted into the equations to account for rapidly varying bathymetry. The convective flux is approximated using the FV method, while the remaining terms are discretized using the FD method in a uniform rectangle grid system. The time integration is implemented using the third order Runge–Kutta method with an adaptive time step. A single GPU parallel computation is also implemented to save computation costs. The numerical model is validated against a series of experimental datasets, including data acquired in a new laboratory experiment. The predictions are in overall agreement with the measurements, proving that the model is capable of handling wave interaction with porous structures in the coastal region for a wide range of scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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21 pages, 10295 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Behavior of the Net of a Pile–Net-Gapped Enclosure Aquaculture Facility
by Shun Wang, Dejun Feng, Fukun Gui and Zhijing Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091166 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2103
Abstract
A pile–net enclosure aquaculture facility, deployed in inshore waters, is a sustainable and ecological aquaculture pattern for rearing fish and other aquatic animals of economic value in China. It is essential to study the maximum force on and deformation of the net system [...] Read more.
A pile–net enclosure aquaculture facility, deployed in inshore waters, is a sustainable and ecological aquaculture pattern for rearing fish and other aquatic animals of economic value in China. It is essential to study the maximum force on and deformation of the net system of a pile–net enclosure facility to prevent its failure, since successful aquaculture is highly dependent on the longevity of the net system. In this study, a pile-net enclosure aquaculture facility with a gapped pile-net configuration was numerically investigated based on the lumped mass model. A Newton’s second-law-based motion equation was solved using Euler’s method. Finally, MATLAB was used to visualize the results. The results highlight that the force of a net system significantly increases with ocean loads, and the load of the entire net is mainly from the top half of the net. Moreover, the maximum force of the vertical rope occurs at the connection of the top channel steel. The maximum force of the horizontal rope and net twine occur in the rope near the still-water level and at the connection of the top channel steel, respectively. Thus, the net at those positions should be reinforced to prevent its failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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18 pages, 6672 KiB  
Article
Remote-Sensing Measurements of Wave Breaking at Two Pacific Northwest Jettied Inlets
by Rob Holman, Hans Rod Moritz and James McMillan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081037 - 28 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1395
Abstract
Breaking waves constitute one of the main environmental stressors on coastal structures as well as a leading hazard to navigation in nearshore regions. In this paper, we use camera-based methods to measure wave breaking over two jetty systems in the Pacific Northwest; the [...] Read more.
Breaking waves constitute one of the main environmental stressors on coastal structures as well as a leading hazard to navigation in nearshore regions. In this paper, we use camera-based methods to measure wave breaking over two jetty systems in the Pacific Northwest; the North jetty of the Columbia River, Washington state, and the two jetties of Coos Bay, Oregon, as well as over three nearby nearshore dredge disposal areas. Data were collected using the “brightest” images and Argus camera technology over a span of 847 days for the Columbia River and 202 days for Coos Bay. Wave breaking over the Columbia north jetty reached 100% for wave heights greater than 3 m and for tides above mid-tide level and was concentrated on the seaward half of the jetty. For Coos Bay, the south jetty saw substantially more breaking than the north one with the worst overtopping occurring mid-jetty and seeming to be associated with sediment transport through the jetty and into the inlet, as well as possibly the navigation channel. Wave breaking at the Coos Bay inlet mouth was enhanced during ebb flow conditions. Argus imagery analysis showed no evidence of enhanced breaking over any of the three dredge material placement sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures II)
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