Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Editorial

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2 pages, 177 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation

by Tiago A. Santos

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081069 - 04 Aug 2022

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Abstract

Short sea shipping is an important research topic and is of practical interest for the shipping and transport industries in many regions across the globe [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

Research

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9 pages, 2532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies to Develop the Use of 4R Intermodality as a Combination of Rail Motorways and Motorways of the Sea

by Alberto Camarero Orive, José Ignacio Parra Santiago, David Díaz Gutiérrez and Francisco De Manuel López

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070972 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1345

Abstract

This paper introduces the concept of R4 (road-rail-ro-ro), a concept increasingly used in transport and logistics research circles that defines the modern concept of the transport chain as it passes through the intermodal use of rail, road, and ship via ro-ro. The integration [...] Read more.

This paper introduces the concept of R4 (road-rail-ro-ro), a concept increasingly used in transport and logistics research circles that defines the modern concept of the transport chain as it passes through the intermodal use of rail, road, and ship via ro-ro. The integration of the new rail-road freight services into the reference supply model allows us to define the supply model for the design scenario on which the evaluation is now focused in terms of service-mode demand shares and in terms of design network flows and performance indicators carried out by demand-supply interaction models applied to all available service-modes. The use of strength-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis (SWOT) allows for the identification of some strategies to enhance and improve the current rail and maritime corridors in order to attract more customers using the different services, ultimately triggering the involvement of more actors in generating bigger and better integrated logistic chains using intermodality. The SWOT analysis allows the identification of a series of measures in order to adapt, maintain, enhance or exploit the aspects arising from the expert analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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24 pages, 8427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Short Sea Shipping with Trans-European Transport Networks

by Tiago A. Santos, Miguel Â. Fonseca, Pedro Martins and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020218 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

This paper studies the possibilities of closer integration of short sea shipping, with other components of the Trans-European Transport Networks, shifting a significant share of road freight onto rail corridors and inland waterways. A numerical model of transport networks is used to support [...] Read more.

This paper studies the possibilities of closer integration of short sea shipping, with other components of the Trans-European Transport Networks, shifting a significant share of road freight onto rail corridors and inland waterways. A numerical model of transport networks is used to support the calculation of the main parameters driving transport decisions, for multiple pairs of origin/destination representing statistical regions of the European Union, and for different, alternative intermodal and unimodal transport chains. Results are presented using a geographic information system. This approach is applied in a case study dedicated to the evaluation of the competitiveness of transport chains based on short sea shipping between Portugal and The Netherlands, integrated with other components of Trans-European Transport Networks (rail freight corridors and inland waterways), compared to road haulage-based transport chains. Conclusions are drawn regarding the geographical scope of the relative competitiveness of these transport chains and policy investment insights are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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15 pages, 4127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Air Quality Dispersion Model for Defining Queuing Ships Seaport Location

by Yordan Garbatov and Petar Georgiev

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020140 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2362

Abstract

This work develops a stochastic air quality dispersion to predict the pollution concentration originating from ships queuing in a seaport. The Gaussian dispersion model for five ships operating in the Black Sea queuing in the front of the port of Varna as sources [...] Read more.

This work develops a stochastic air quality dispersion to predict the pollution concentration originating from ships queuing in a seaport. The Gaussian dispersion model for five ships operating in the Black Sea queuing in the front of the port of Varna as sources of gas emission of NO_x, SO_x and PM₁₀ is used to define the air pollution concentration at receptors (crowded areas of the port and other reference points) and consequently the distance to the seaport queuing location. Uncertainties, which are inherent in the input data and mathematical model, are accounted for to estimate the propagating uncertainties of the emission concentration at the receptors accounting for the wind speed, horizontal and vertical dispersion parameters as a function of the geographical location of the emission sources (ships), effective emission height and weather conditions. The estimated uncertainties of the air quality prediction are of significant importance for the decision-making on the regulatory purposes, and the probability of exceeding the threshold limits needs to be quantified. The most expected value and the probability of exceeding the acceptable limits of pollution concentration are defined by employing the first-order reliability method. The target reliability level is defined as the failure cause and mode used for identifying the safety calibration factors that may be employed for defining the most suitable location of the ship queuing seaport. Several conclusions about the applicability of the developed stochastic model and its use for regulatory purposes are also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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19 pages, 3228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost Effectiveness Analysis in Short Sea Shipping: Evidence from Northeast Asian Routes

by Xue-Bin Zheng, Yul-Seong Kim and Young-Ran Shin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(12), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121340 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3525

Abstract

Nowadays, roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) is an important mode for short sea shipping (SSS) due to its advantages of fast and convenient load and unloading system. Despite the advantages, the market share of Ro-Ro is insignificant compared with lift-on/lift-off (Lo-Lo) in the Northeast Asian region [...] Read more.

Nowadays, roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) is an important mode for short sea shipping (SSS) due to its advantages of fast and convenient load and unloading system. Despite the advantages, the market share of Ro-Ro is insignificant compared with lift-on/lift-off (Lo-Lo) in the Northeast Asian region that is geographically suitable for fostering SSS. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have a better understanding of the effectiveness or Ro-Ro and Lo-Lo in the regional SSS market. For this purpose, this paper develops a model to estimate the total logistics cost of the two transportation modes. The total logistics costs of Ro-Ro and Lo-Lo are calculated on three major SSS routes between Korea and Japan. The results show that Lo-Lo outperforms Ro-Ro on most routes in terms of the cost effectiveness, and Ro-Ro is competitive only for high-priced and time-sensitive cargo. However, it is also documented that Ro-Ro transport has a significant impact on reduction in the total logistics costs when companies integrate the supply chain and improve the cooperative relationship to a high level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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18 pages, 3058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the Internalization of External Costs in the Competitiveness of Short Sea Shipping

by Mónica M. Ramalho and Tiago A. Santos

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(9), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090959 - 03 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

This paper applies a methodology for computing external costs in an intermodal transport network that includes short sea shipping to explore the impact of external costs in its competitiveness. The network, which includes roads, freight railways, maritime and inland waterway connections, considers the [...] Read more.

This paper applies a methodology for computing external costs in an intermodal transport network that includes short sea shipping to explore the impact of external costs in its competitiveness. The network, which includes roads, freight railways, maritime and inland waterway connections, considers the specific characteristics of different transport alternatives and vehicle types, providing a fair comparison of the various modes. A case study focused on freight transportation between Northern Portugal and 75 destinations (NUTS2 regions) in north-western Europe is presented. The potential of different intermodal routes that include short sea shipping is assessed, including not only internal costs and times but also external costs per mode and unit of cargo. The impact of the different cost approaches in each country of transit is shown along with the progress that has been made in the integration of external costs, using the most recent EU estimates on marginal costs coverage ratios per country for freight transport modes. The results support the modal shift from road to sea in this corridor, providing means for modal comparison and for the development of short sea shipping’s image as a sustainable mode of transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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24 pages, 3311 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Numerical Modeling of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Intermodal Transport Chains

by Mónica M. Ramalho and Tiago A. Santos

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(6), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060679 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2911

Abstract

This paper discusses the most attractive emission compliance options (emission abatement technologies and cleaner fuels) in intermodal transport chains that include short sea shipping. Most studies on emissions-based transport chain comparisons have estimated high levels of nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions in maritime [...] Read more.

This paper discusses the most attractive emission compliance options (emission abatement technologies and cleaner fuels) in intermodal transport chains that include short sea shipping. Most studies on emissions-based transport chain comparisons have estimated high levels of nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions in maritime transportation, decreasing its competitiveness. However, the consequences of regulatory and technological developments and the integration of maritime transport in intermodal transport chains have not yet been considered in detail. In order to address this research gap, a numerical model for computing emissions from different transport modes in an intermodal transport network, under the effect of these developments, is presented that is based on bottom–up emission factors that depend on the fuel type, engine type, and operational profile of each vehicle. Different emissions scenarios are chosen for specific unimodal and intermodal routes (short sea shipping-based) between Portugal and northwestern Europe. Conclusions are drawn on estimated values of air pollutant emissions and greenhouse emissions, in CO₂-eq per unit of cargo, in each scenario. These results allow the identification of the most environmentally friendly transport chains, thus supporting the development of adequate transport policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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Other

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20 pages, 34032 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Container Shipment Demand Forecasting in the Australian Shipping Industry: A Case Study of Asia–Oceania Trade Lane

by Ayesha Ubaid, Farookh Hussain and Muhammad Saqib

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(9), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090968 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3280

Abstract

Demand forecasting has a pivotal role in making informed business decisions by predicting future sales using historical data. Traditionally, demand forecasting has been widely used in the management of production, staffing and warehousing for sales and marketing data. However, the use of demand [...] Read more.

Demand forecasting has a pivotal role in making informed business decisions by predicting future sales using historical data. Traditionally, demand forecasting has been widely used in the management of production, staffing and warehousing for sales and marketing data. However, the use of demand forecasting has little been studied in the container shipping industry. Improved visibility into the demand for container shipments has been a long-held objective of industry stakeholders. This paper addresses the shortcomings of both short-term and long-term shipment demand forecasting for the Australian container shipping industry. In this study, we compare three forecasting models, namely, the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), Holt–Winters’ seasonal method and Facebook’s Prophet, to find the best fitting model for short-term and long-term import demand forecasting in the Australian shipping industry. Demand data from three years, i.e., 2016–2018, is used for the Asia–Oceania trade lane. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and 2-fold walk-forward cross-validation are used for the model evaluation. The experiment results observed from the selected metrics suggest that Prophet outperforms the other models in its comparison for container shipment demand forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short Sea Shipping, Multimodality, and Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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