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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Oceanography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 24932

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Dr. Mikhail Emelianov

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: oceanic fronts and eddies; thermohaline structure and dynamics of water masses; in situ measurements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Georgy I. Shapiro

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Guest Editor

School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
Interests: shelf sea and coastal oceanography; operational oceanography; ocean circulation in the black sea and northern indian ocean; theory and modelling of mesoscale physical processes; sediment transport in the marine environment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advances in our understanding of phenomena in the ocean would not be possible without innovations. Identifying new phenomena, assessing environmental risks, and delivering observational data to modelers all require technology solutions. This Special Issue aims to present an oceanographic perspective on modern technology, allowing for a better understanding of the ocean in all its diversity, taking into account both societal and scientific needs. Original papers and thematic reviews based on applications of novel technologies are encouraged, specifically submissions related to topics such as:

Global, meso-, submeso-, and small-scale oceanic processes;
Physical, chemical, biological, and dynamic characteristics of water masses;
Remote sensing and in situ observational methods;
Autonomous and remotely operated vehicles;
Moored and towed instrumentation carriers;
Drifters and profiling floats.
New Ocean Modeling Techniques.

Contributions presenting novel creative approaches in new sensors, observational programs, and sampling strategies are particularly welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Mikhail Emelianov
Prof. Dr. Georgy I. Shapiro
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Thermohaline parameters
Biogeochemical characteristics
Ocean currents and circulation
Remote sensing
Sensors
Robotics and autonomous stations
New Ocean Modeling Techniques

Related Special Issue

Technological Oceanography Volume II in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (5 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

5 pages, 190 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Technological Oceanography

by Mikhail Emelianov and Georgy I. Shapiro

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010175 - 17 Jan 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

Advances in our understanding of phenomena in the ocean would not be possible without innovation [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 6419 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Fine Structure of Vertical Density Distribution in the Black Sea and Its Relationship with Vertical Turbulent Exchange

by Oleg I. Podymov, Andrei G. Zatsepin and Alexander G. Ostrovskii

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010170 - 10 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1320

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the long-term regular time series of current velocity and conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiles, measured with the moored autonomous profiler Aqualog over the upper part of the continental slope at a fixed geographical location in the Northeastern Black Sea. This study focuses on the fine structure of the density profiles to show that the fine-structure Cox number (C) is a power function of the Richardson number (Ri). A similar inverse power relationship with the same exponent was found earlier for the coefficient of vertical turbulent mass exchange (K_ρ) and Ri. Based on those results, the analysis indicated a statistically significant correlation between C and K_ρ, which suggests that the estimations of K_ρ could be conducted from the CTD data only. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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10 pages, 3027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VERDA: A Multisampler Tool for Mesopelagic Nets

by Arturo Castellón and María Pilar Olivar

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010072 - 02 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1830

Abstract

Different types and systems to discriminate plankton samples at different strata in the water column have been developed in recent decades. For sampling at sufficient depth, opening and closing zooplankton multinets are ideal because there is no contamination of one sample with organisms of the previous one. However, for bigger nets, such as those used to collect micronektonic organism, it is difficult to use multiple net units, and multiple cod ends are preferred because of their simplicity, but with the problem of sample contamination from having a common net passageway. We present here a cod-end Multisampler design, VERDA, that uses a carrousel-like system. Similar to some sediment traps, the system works like a revolver with six or eight compartments whose turning mechanism is triggered when the net arrives to a programmed depth level. This prototype was built with inexpensive and recycled components and electronics similar to Arduino^® and Teensy PCB to carry out electronic control. The net we used for testing the equipment was a mid-size midwater trawl of ca. 30 m² and total length of 58 m that works with a single towing cable and no doors. The overall system is useful for all type of ships, due to the relatively easy deployment operations and because the Multisampler does not need electrical cable or acoustics. In our case, we used a Marport^® (Reykjavik Iceland) and Scanmar (Åsgårdstrand, Norway) sensors for real-time depth monitoring and opening distance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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13 pages, 3363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Compression and Storage Method for High-Resolution SSP Data Based-on Dictionary Learning

by Kaizhuang Yan, Yongxian Wang and Wenbin Xiao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081095 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1074

Abstract

The sound speed profile data of seawater provide an important basis for carrying out underwater acoustic modeling and analysis, sonar performance evaluation, and underwater acoustic assistant decision-making. The data volume of the high-resolution sound speed profile is vast, and the demand for data storage space is high, which severely limits the analysis and application of the high-resolution sound speed profile data in the field of marine acoustics. This paper uses the dictionary learning method to achieve sparse coding of the high-resolution sound speed profile and uses a compressed sparse row method to compress and store the sparse characteristics of the data matrix. The influence of related parameters on the compression rate and recovery data error is analyzed and discussed, as are different scenarios and the difference in compression processing methods. Through comparative experiments, the average error of the sound speed profile data compressed is less than 0.5 m/s, the maximum error is less than 3 m/s, and the data volume is about 10% to 15% of the original data volume. This method significantly reduces the storage capacity of high-resolution sound speed profile data and ensures the accuracy of the data, providing technical support for efficient and convenient access to high-resolution sound speed profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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14 pages, 31766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of the Vendée Globe Race to Improved Ocean Surface Information: A Validation of the Remotely Sensed Salinity in the Sub-Antarctic Zone

by Marta Umbert, Nina Hoareau, Jordi Salat, Joaquín Salvador, Sébastien Guimbard, Estrella Olmedo and Carolina Gabarró

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081078 - 06 Aug 2022

Viewed by 2106

Abstract

The Vendée Globe is the world’s most famous solo, non-stop, unassisted sailing race. The Institute of Marine Sciences and the Barcelona Ocean Sailing Foundation installed a MicroCAT on the One Ocean One Planet boat. The skipper, Dídac Costa, completed the round trip in 97 days, from 8 November 2020 to 13 February 2021, providing one measurement of temperature and conductivity every 30 s during navigation. More than half of the ship’s route was in the sub-Antarctic zone, between the tropical and polar fronts, and it passed through areas of oceanographic interest such as Southern Patagonia (affected by glacier melting), the Brazil–Malvinas confluence, the Southern Pacific Ocean, and the entire Southern Indian Ocean. This sailing race gave a rare opportunity to measure in-situ sea surface salinity in a region where satellite salinity measurements are not reliable. Due to the decreased sensitivity of brightness temperature to salinity in cold seas, retrieving sea surface salinity at high latitudes remains a major challenge. This paper describes how the data are processed and uses the data to validate satellite salinity products in the sub-Antarctic zone. The sailing race measurements represent surface information (60 cm depth) not available from drifters or Argo floats. Acquiring measurements using round-the-world sailing races would allow us to analyse the evolution of ocean salinity and the impact of changes in the ice extent around Antarctica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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19 pages, 6791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory Study of Turbulent Mass Exchange in a Stratified Fluid

by Andrey G. Zatsepin, Valerii V. Gerasimov and Alexander G. Ostrovskii

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060756 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1347

Abstract

In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate quantitatively turbulent exchange between two quasi-homogeneous layers of equal thickness and different density (salinity), as well as the fine structure of the density transition zone (interface) between the layers. The fluid was continuously stirred by a system of horizontally oscillating vertical rods, piercing through both layers and producing vertically homogeneous turbulent impact in a two-layered fluid. In every experimental run, the stirring process was carried out continuously from certain initial state up to the complete mixing of the layers. The buoyancy flux between the layers was estimated using the data on time changes of the salinity in both upper and lower layers. The fine structure of density interface was measured by vertically profiling conductivity microprobe. The results were presented in a dimensionless form and analyzed depending on two dimensionless parameters as follows: the Richardson number,

R i

, and Reynolds number,

R e

. It was found that if

R i > R i^{*} (R e)

where

R i^{*}

is the critical Richardson number, the interface exists in “sharpening” mode and in “eroding” (diffusive) mode if

R i < R i^{*} (R e)

. The maximum mixing efficiency was achieved at critical Richardson number, when the density interface was in a transition state between the sharpening and diffusive modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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16 pages, 4808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barcelona Coastal Monitoring with the “Patí a Vela”, a Traditional Sailboat Turned into an Oceanographic Platform

by Inmaculada Ortigosa, Raul Bardaji, Albert Carbonell, Oriol Carrasco, Marcella Castells-Sanabra, Rafel Figuerola, Nina Hoareau, Jordi Mateu, Jaume Piera, Joan Puigdefabregas, Joaquín Salvador, Carine Simon, Ignasi Vallès-Casanova and Josep L. Pelegrí

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050591 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

Shelf waters near large cities, such as Barcelona, are affected not only by meteorological episodes but also by anthropogenic influence. Scientists usually use data from on-site coastal platforms to analyze and understand these complex water ecosystems because remote sensing satellites have low spatiotemporal resolution and do not provide reliable data so close to the coast. However, platforms with conventional oceanographic instrumentation are expensive to install and maintain. This study presents the scientific adaptation and initial measurements from a “patí a vela”, which is a very popular unipersonal catamaran in Barcelona. This versatile sailing vessel has been adapted to contain several low-cost sensors and instruments to measure water properties. Here, we describe the setup of a multi-parameter prototype, and then focus on results obtained using a low-cost temperature profiler. First, the temperature data are compared and validated with another conventional oceanographic instrument used in monthly oceanographic cruises. Then, field measurements between July and November 2021 are used to explore the relationship between air and water temperature in the Barcelona coastal area, showing the seasonal evolution of the temperature profile. We conclude that citizen sampling from fully sustainable sailing boats may turn into an effective strategy to monitor the urban coastal waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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25 pages, 9817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Method for Nested High-Resolution Ocean Modelling Incorporating a Data Assimilation Technique

by Georgy I. Shapiro and Jose M. Gonzalez-Ondina

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030432 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

A simple and computationally efficient method is presented for creating a high-resolution regional (child) model nested within a coarse-resolution, good-quality data-assimilating (parent) model. The method, named Nesting with Downscaling and Data Assimilation (NDA), reduces bias and root mean square errors (RMSE) of the child model and does not allow the child model to drift from reality. Usually coarser resolution models, e.g., global scale, are used to provide boundary conditions for the nested child model. The basic idea of the NDA method is to use a complete 3D set of output data from the parent model using a process which is similar to data assimilation of observations into an ocean model. In this way, the child model is physically aware of observations via the parent model. The method allows for avoiding a complex process of assimilating the same observations which were already assimilated into the parent model. The NDA method is illustrated in several simple 2D synthetic cases where the true solution is known. The NDA method reduces the child model bias to the same level as in the parent model and reduces the RMSE, typically by a factor of two to five, occasionally more. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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17 pages, 5938 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Automated Tethered Profiler for Hydrophysical and Bio-Optical Measurements in the Black Sea Carbon Observational Site

by Alexander G. Ostrovskii, Mikhail V. Emelianov, Oleg Y. Kochetov, Vyacheslav V. Kremenetskiy, Dmitry A. Shvoev, Sergey V. Volkov, Andrey G. Zatsepin, Nikolai M. Korovchinsky, Vladimir M. Olshanskiy and Alexander V. Olchev

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030322 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2880

Abstract

Biogeochemical cycles of carbon transformation throughout the euphotic zone of the sea are controlled by physical processes, e.g., daily thermocline, variation in solar irradiance, thermohaline convection, and intermittent mixing. These processes should be regularly observed with sufficient time resolution at fixed geographical locations. This study provides a brief overview of the carbon observational site in the Northeastern Black Sea. The focus is on the design of a new tethered profiler Winchi for the inner continental shelf part of the site. The profiler hull and two outriggers comprise an open trimaran platform that is positively buoyant and tends to maintain a horizontal position in the water. The lower end of the winch wire is secured to the bottom anchor. By unwinding/winding the wire, the profiler ascends/descends while measuring the depth profiles of marine environment parameters ranging from the seafloor to air–sea interface. After surfacing, the profiler determines its location using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and transmits data to (and from) a server on land through the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Initial field tests with the Winchi profiler at the Northeastern Black Sea shelf exhibited promising results. We report these early tests to demonstrate the use of Winchi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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21 pages, 24372 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Projection Method for the Estimation of Error Covariance Matrices for Variational Data Assimilation in Ocean Modelling

by Jose M. Gonzalez-Ondina, Lewis Sampson and Georgy I. Shapiro

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(12), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121461 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3072

Abstract

Data assimilation methods are an invaluable tool for operational ocean models. These methods are often based on a variational approach and require the knowledge of the spatial covariances of the background errors (differences between the numerical model and the true values) and the observation errors (differences between true and measured values). Since the true values are never known in practice, the error covariance matrices containing values of the covariance functions at different locations, are estimated approximately. Several methods have been devised to compute these matrices, one of the most widely used is the one developed by Hollingsworth and Lönnberg (H-L). This method requires to bin (combine) the data points separated by similar distances, compute covariances in each bin and then to find a best fit covariance function. While being a helpful tool, the H-L method has its limitations. We have developed a new mathematical method for computing the background and observation error covariance functions and therefore the error covariance matrices. The method uses functional analysis which allows to overcome some shortcomings of the H-L method, for example, the assumption of statistical isotropy. It also eliminates the intermediate steps used in the H-L method such as binning the innovations (differences between observations and the model), and the computation of innovation covariances for each bin, before the best-fit curve can be found. We show that the new method works in situations where the standard H-L method experiences difficulties, especially when observations are scarce. It gives a better estimate than the H-L in a synthetic idealised case where the true covariance function is known. We also demonstrate that in many cases the new method allows to use the separable convolution mathematical algorithm to increase the computational speed significantly, up to an order of magnitude. The Projection Method (PROM) also allows computing 2D and 3D covariance functions in addition to the standard 1D case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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24 pages, 87177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Vector Wavenumber Integration Model of Underwater Acoustic Propagation Based on the Matched Interface and Boundary Method

by Wei Liu, Lilun Zhang, Yongxian Wang, Xinghua Cheng and Wenbin Xiao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101134 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Acoustic particle velocities can provide additional energy flow information of the sound field; thus, the vector acoustic model is attracting increasing attention. In the current study, a vector wavenumber integration (VWI) model was established to provide benchmark solutions of ocean acoustic propagation. The depth-separated wave equation was solved using finite difference (FD) methods with second- and fourth-order accuracy, and the sound source singularity in this equation was treated using the matched interface and boundary method. Moreover, the particle velocity was calculated using the wavenumber integration method, consistent with the calculation of the sound pressure. Furthermore, the VWI model was verified using acoustic test cases of the free acoustic field, the ideal fluid waveguide, the Bucker waveguide, and the Munk waveguide by comparing the solutions of the VWI model, the analytical formula, and the image method. In the free acoustic field case, the errors of the second- and fourth-order FD schemes for solving the depth-separated equation were calculated, and the actual orders of accuracy of the FD schemes were tested. Moreover, the time-averaged sound intensity (TASI) was calculated using the pressure and particle velocity, and the TASI streamlines were traced to visualize the time-independent energy flow in the acoustic field and better understand the distribution of the acoustic transmission loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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19 pages, 21875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Spectral Method for Two-Dimensional Ocean Acoustic Propagation

by Xian Ma, Yongxian Wang, Xiaoqian Zhu, Wei Liu, Qiang Lan and Wenbin Xiao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(8), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080892 - 19 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2244

Abstract

The accurate calculation of the sound field is one of the most concerning issues in hydroacoustics. The one-dimensional spectral method has been used to correctly solve simplified underwater acoustic propagation models, but it is difficult to solve actual ocean acoustic fields using this model due to its application conditions and approximation error. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a direct solution method for the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation of ocean acoustic propagation without using simplified models. Here, two commonly used spectral methods, Chebyshev–Galerkin and Chebyshev–collocation, are used to correctly solve the two-dimensional Helmholtz model equation. Since Chebyshev–collocation does not require harsh boundary conditions for the equation, it is then used to solve ocean acoustic propagation. The numerical calculation results are compared with analytical solutions to verify the correctness of the method. Compared with the mature Kraken program, the Chebyshev–collocation method exhibits higher numerical calculation accuracy. Therefore, the Chebyshev–collocation method can be used to directly solve the representative two-dimensional ocean acoustic propagation equation. Because there are no model constraints, the Chebyshev–collocation method has a wide range of applications and provides results with high accuracy, which is of great significance in the calculation of realistic ocean sound fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Oceanography)

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