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Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates
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Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2022) | Viewed by 12823

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrik Riisgård

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Marine Biological Research Centre, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmvej 11, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
Interests: filter-feeding in marine invertebrates; bioenergetics; biological filter-pumps; biomixing; population grazing impact; particle capture mechanisms; benthic–pelagic coupling; interaction between jellyfish and zooplankton
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Considering the dominant role of the phytoplankton in primary production in the sea, it is understandable that filter-feeding is widespread and filter feeders (or suspension feeders) are found in almost all animal classes represented in the sea. Filter-feeding animals are necessary links between suspended food particles (phytoplankton, free-living bacteria, and other members of the microbial loop) and higher trophic levels in marine food webs. In addition to many holo- and mero-planktonic organisms, such as copepods and invertebrate larvae that graze on the phytoplankton and other food particles in the water column, many filter-feeding animals such as bivalves, polychaetes, ascidians, bryozoans, and sponges graze on the phytoplankton in the near-bottom water. Particularly in shallow coastal waters and fjords, dense populations of filter-feeders may exert a pronounced grazing impact, which may keep the water clear (but not clean) in eutrophicated areas. On the other hand, the dense populations of filter-feeding jellyfish in such areas may exert a pronounced predation impact on grazing zooplankton, resulting in a phytoplankton boom and making the water green.

This Special Issue focuses on several related topics: bioenergetics and energy budgets, filter-pumps, particle capture mechanisms and retention efficiency, the grazing impact of filter-feeders, the predation impact of jellyfish, and interactions between jellyfish and zooplankton.

We invite researchers to submit articles that advance our understanding of filter-feeding in marine invertebrates.

Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrik Riisgård
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • filter-feeding in marine invertebrates (planktonic and benthic species) 
  • bioenergetics (food-uptake, assimilation, respiration, energy budgets)
  • biological filter-pumps (design, function, energy cost)
  • particle capture (mechanisms, retention efficiency)
  • population grazing impact of filter-feeders
  • predation impact of jellyfish

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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7 pages, 1341 KiB  
Article
Superfluous Feeding and Growth of Jellyfish Aurelia aurita
by Hans Ulrik Riisgård
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101368 - 25 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1818
Abstract
According to a recently presented bioenergetic model for the weight-specific growth rate of jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, fed brine shrimp, Artemia salina, the specific growth will remain high and constant at prey concentrations > 6 Artemia l−1. The aim of [...] Read more.
According to a recently presented bioenergetic model for the weight-specific growth rate of jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, fed brine shrimp, Artemia salina, the specific growth will remain high and constant at prey concentrations > 6 Artemia l−1. The aim of the present study was to verify this statement by conducting controlled feeding and growth experiments on small jellyfish in tanks. It was found that prey organisms offered in concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 Artemia l−1 resulted in specific growth rates in fair agreement with the model-predicted rates. The high prey concentrations resulted in superfluous feeding and production of pseudofeces which indicated that not all captured prey organisms were ingested but instead entangled in mucus and dropped. The high prey concentrations did not influence the filtration rate of the jellyfish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates)
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18 pages, 2139 KiB  
Article
High-Frequency Responses of the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Feeding and Ingestion Rates to Natural Diets
by Laura Steeves, Antonio Agüera, Ramón Filgueira, Øivind Strand and Tore Strohmeier
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091290 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1863
Abstract
The feeding activity of bivalves is understood to change in response to a suite of environmental conditions, including food quantity and quality. It has been hypothesized that, by varying feeding rates in response to the available diet, bivalves may be able to maintain [...] Read more.
The feeding activity of bivalves is understood to change in response to a suite of environmental conditions, including food quantity and quality. It has been hypothesized that, by varying feeding rates in response to the available diet, bivalves may be able to maintain relatively stable ingestion rates, allowing them to have constant energy uptake despite changes in food availability. The purpose of this study was to determine if the blue mussel Mytilus edulis responds to fluctuations in natural diets by changing feeding rates to maintain constant ingestion rates. Three four-day experiments were conducted to measure pumping and ingestion rates in response to natural fluctuations in food concentration (chlorophyll a). Experiments were conducted in a flow-through system over the spring season in south-western Norway. Pumping and ingestion rates were measured with high temporal resolution (every 20 min), which permitted the observation of the intra- and interindividual variability of feeding rates. Results show pumping rates varying within individuals over 4 days, and some individuals pumping on average at high rates (~5 Lh−1), and some at low (~1 Lh−1), despite being held in similar conditions. The pumping rate was generally not related to changes in food availability, and population-level ingestion rates increased with increasing food availability. These results suggest that, for this population of M. edulis, feeding rates may not vary with the available diet to produce constant ingestion over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates)
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11 pages, 1536 KiB  
Article
Filtration Rates and Scaling in Demosponges
by Hans Ulrik Riisgård and Poul S. Larsen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050643 - 8 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1823
Abstract
Demosponges are modular filter-feeding organisms that are made up of aquiferous units or modules with one osculum per module. Such modules may grow to reach a maximal size. Various demosponge species show a high degree of morphological complexity, which makes it difficult to [...] Read more.
Demosponges are modular filter-feeding organisms that are made up of aquiferous units or modules with one osculum per module. Such modules may grow to reach a maximal size. Various demosponge species show a high degree of morphological complexity, which makes it difficult to classify and scale them regarding filtration rate versus sponge size. In this regard, we distinguish between: (i) small single-osculum sponges consisting of one aquiferous module, which includes very small explants and larger explants; (ii) multi-oscula sponges consisting of many modules, each with a separate osculum leading to the ambient; and (iii) large single-osculum sponges composed of many aquiferous modules, each with an exhalant opening (true osculum) leading into a common large spongocoel (atrium), which opens to the ambient via a static pseudo-osculum. We found the theoretical scaling relation between the filtration rate (F) versus volume (V) for (i) a single-osculum demosponge to be F = a3V2/3, and hence the volume-specific filtration rate to scale as F/V ≈ V−1/3. This relation is partly supported by experimental data for explants of Halichondria panicea, showing F/V = 2.66V−0.41. However, for multi-oscula sponges, many of their modules may have reached their maximal size and hence their maximal filtration rate, which would imply the scaling F/V ≈ constant. A similar scaling would be expected for large pseudo-osculum sponges, provided their volume was taken to be the structural tissue volume that holds the pumping units, and not the total volume that includes the large atrium volume of water. This may explain the hitherto confusing picture that has emerged from the power-law correlation (F/V = aVb) of many various types of demosponges that show a range of negative b-exponents. The observed sharp decline in the volume-specific filtration rate of demosponges from their very small to larger sizes is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates)
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13 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
Actual and Model-Predicted Growth of Sponges—With a Bioenergetic Comparison to Other Filter-Feeders
by Hans Ulrik Riisgård and Poul S. Larsen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050607 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1538
Abstract
Sponges are one of the earliest-evolved and simplest groups of animals, but they share basic characteristics with more advanced and later-evolved filter-feeding invertebrates, such as mussels. Sponges are abundant in many coastal regions where they filter large amounts of water for food particles [...] Read more.
Sponges are one of the earliest-evolved and simplest groups of animals, but they share basic characteristics with more advanced and later-evolved filter-feeding invertebrates, such as mussels. Sponges are abundant in many coastal regions where they filter large amounts of water for food particles and thus play an important ecological role. Therefore, a better understanding of the bioenergetics and growth of sponges compared to other filter-feeders is important. While the filtration (pumping) rates of many sponge species have been measured as a function of their size, little is known about their rate of growth. Here, we use a bioenergetic growth model for demosponges, based on the energy budget and observations of filtration (F) and respiration rates (R). Because F versus dry weight (W) can be expressed as F = a1Wb1 and the maintenance respiratory rate can be expressed as Rm = a2Wb2, we show that if b1~ b2 the growth rate can be expressed as: G = aWb1, and, consequently, the weight-specific growth rate is µ = G/W = aWb1−1 = aWb where the constant a depends on ambient sponge-available food particles (free-living bacteria and phytoplankton with diameter < ostia diameter). Because the exponent b1 is close to 1, then b ~ 0, which implies µ = a and thus exponential growth as confirmed in field growth studies. Exponential growth in sponges and in at least some bryozoans is probably unique among filter-feeding invertebrates. Finally, we show that the F/R-ratio and the derived oxygen extraction efficiency in these sponges are similar to other filter-feeding invertebrates, thus reflecting a comparable adaptation to feeding on a thin suspension of bacteria and phytoplankton. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates)
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Review

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15 pages, 3453 KiB  
Review
A Review on Genus Halichondria (Demospongiae, Porifera)
by Josephine Goldstein and Peter Funch
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091312 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2665
Abstract
Demosponges of the genus Halichondria Fleming (1828) are common in coastal marine ecosystems worldwide and have been well-studied over the last decades. As ecologically important filter feeders, Halichondria species represent potentially suitable model organisms to link and fill in existing knowledge gaps in [...] Read more.
Demosponges of the genus Halichondria Fleming (1828) are common in coastal marine ecosystems worldwide and have been well-studied over the last decades. As ecologically important filter feeders, Halichondria species represent potentially suitable model organisms to link and fill in existing knowledge gaps in sponge biology, providing important novel insights into the physiology and evolution of the sponge holobiont. Here we review studies on the morphology, taxonomy, geographic distribution, associated fauna, life history, hydrodynamic characteristics, and coordinated behavior of Halichondria species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates)
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11 pages, 308 KiB  
Review
Size-Specific Growth of Filter-Feeding Marine Invertebrates
by Poul S. Larsen and Hans Ulrik Riisgård
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091226 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1448
Abstract
Filter-feeding invertebrates are found in almost all of the animal classes that are represented in the sea, where they are the necessary links between suspended food particles (phytoplankton and free-living bacteria) and the higher trophic levels in the food chains. Their common challenge [...] Read more.
Filter-feeding invertebrates are found in almost all of the animal classes that are represented in the sea, where they are the necessary links between suspended food particles (phytoplankton and free-living bacteria) and the higher trophic levels in the food chains. Their common challenge is to grow on the dilute concentrations of food particles. In this review, we consider examples of sponges, jellyfish, bryozoans, polychaetes, copepods, bivalves, and ascideans. We examine their growth with the aid of a simple bioenergetic growth model for size-specific growth, i.e., in terms of dry weight (W), µ = (1/W) dW/dt = aWb, which is based on the power functions for rates of filtration (F ≈ Wb1) and respiration (R ≈ Wb2). Our theory is that the exponents have (during the evolution) become near equal (b1 ≈ b2), depending on the species, the stage of ontogeny, and their adaptation to the living site. Much of the compiled data support this theory and show that the size-specific rate of growth (excluding spawning and the terminal phase) may be constant (b = 0) or decreasing with size (b < 0). This corresponds to the growth rate that is exponential or a power function of time; however, with no general trend to follow a suggested 3/4 law of growth. Many features are common to filter-feeding invertebrates, but modularity applies only to bryozoans and sponges, implying exponential growth, which is probably a rather unique feature among the herein examined filter feeders, although the growth may be near exponential in the early ontogenetic stages of mussels, for example. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filter-Feeding in Marine Invertebrates)
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