The 3M Approach to Insecticide Resistance in Insects

A special issue of Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). This special issue belongs to the section "Insect Pest and Vector Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 1817

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Xianghu Laboratory, Institute of Bio-Interaction, Hangzhou 311258, China
Interests: plant protection; integrated pest management; genetic pest management; ecotoxicology; insect physiology and toxicology; stress-induced hormesis; invasion biology; molecular toxicology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
1. Institute of Bio-Interaction, Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311258, China
2. State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
Interests: plant protection; integrated pest management; ecotoxicology; insect physiology and toxicology; invasion biology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Insecticides remain indispensable for controlling numerous insect pest species; however, their widespread and repeated use has accelerated the emergence and diversification of insecticide resistance. Resistance manifests through a broad spectrum of mechanisms, including metabolic detoxification, target site alterations, reduced cuticular penetration, and behavioral avoidance, that compromise the long-term efficacy of existing insecticides. Recognizing the complexity of factors expressed as ‘resistance’ to pest management tactics highlights the need for a comprehensive framework that integrates Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Management (the 3M Approach) to guide sustainable pest control.

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance is essential for elucidating how insect populations adapt to insecticides at molecular, physiological, and behavioral levels. This foundational knowledge informs the design of robust monitoring and surveillance programs, which are essential for early detection and for tracking resistance dynamics in field populations, ultimately guiding evidence-based management decisions. By framing insecticide resistance research through the 3M Approach, which follows the logical workflow of understanding Mechanisms, implementing Monitoring, and applying Management strategies, this Special Issue aims to advance knowledge that supports innovative, sustainable, and reliable pest management strategies worldwide.

This Special Issue, “The 3M Approach to Insecticide Resistance in Insects”, seeks to assemble high-quality contributions that advance our understanding of insecticide resistance through the integrated lens of Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Management (the 3M Approach). We invite submissions of original research articles, reviews, mini-reviews, perspectives, methodological studies, and opinion pieces addressing, but not limited to, the following topics:

  1. Metabolic-based mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects;
  2. Target site resistance arising from point mutations;
  3. Behavioral and cuticular penetration-based resistance mechanisms;
  4. Molecular, biochemical, and physiological foundations of resistance;
  5. Fitness costs and trade-offs associated with resistance traits;
  6. Monitoring, surveillance, and integrated management of resistant populations;
  7. Functional characterization of resistance-associated genes, proteins, and pathways. 

Dr. Farman Ullah
Dr. Yaobin Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Insects is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metabolic resistance
  • target site resistance
  • behavioral resistance
  • penetration resistance
  • insecticide resistance evolution
  • resistance monitoring
  • resistance mechanisms
  • fitness trade-offs

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 2863 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity of Macrolide and Neonicotinoid Insecticides Against Zeugodacus tau (Walker) and Their Residue Dissipation Dynamics in Luffa cylindrica
by Xingyu Jia, Min Liu, Yaqian Shang, Hina Gul, Yuxi Wang, Yulu Mao, Shuxing Zhou, Tingzhe Sun and Jinming Zhang
Insects 2026, 17(3), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030242 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 530
Abstract
Zeugodacus tau (Walker) is a major invasive pest that targets cucurbitaceous plants and other economically significant crops, causing substantial yield and quality losses. The pest’s method of infesting the fruit, however, limits the efficacy of conventional chemical control strategies. This study comprehensively evaluates [...] Read more.
Zeugodacus tau (Walker) is a major invasive pest that targets cucurbitaceous plants and other economically significant crops, causing substantial yield and quality losses. The pest’s method of infesting the fruit, however, limits the efficacy of conventional chemical control strategies. This study comprehensively evaluates the insecticidal efficacy of seven insecticides from two key classes—macrolides and neonicotinoids—against various developmental stages of Z. tau. Additionally, it investigates the distribution and degradation patterns of pesticide residues on sponge gourd. Laboratory toxicity tests showed notable differences in sensitivity among the three pest stages. Larvae were the most sensitive to insecticides, followed by adults, with eggs being relatively resistant. Four macrolide insecticides showed high activity against both adults and larvae, while three neonicotinoids displayed low activity against eggs, larvae, and adults of Z. tau. Field residue trials using common recommended dosages demonstrated rapid degradation of pesticide residues on sponge gourd, with residue levels dropping below the national maximum residue limits (MRLs) within 2 to 24 h after application. Further results indicated that pesticide residues accumulated mainly on the peel, with low or undetectable levels in the flesh. Among the macrolide insecticides, residues were nearly undetectable, whereas neonicotinoids, due to their systemic nature, sometimes showed trace residues in the fruit flesh. Oviposition hole measurements revealed an average depth of 0.57 ± 0.29 cm, just beneath the skin, with the hole’s structure effectively protecting the eggs laid by females. Based on the comprehensive analysis of insecticide toxicity and residue degradation, control strategies should primarily target adults. Macrolide insecticides, which have low residue risks and high efficacy against both adults and larvae, are recommended as the preferred option for management. This study, considering the unique damage characteristics of Z. tau, offers valuable insights into chemical control strategies, focusing on insecticide sensitivity at different life stages, residue distribution, and degradation, providing important references for the scientific use of pesticides and the optimization of pest management approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 3M Approach to Insecticide Resistance in Insects)
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Review

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21 pages, 1113 KB  
Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Insect Resistance in Rice and Their Application in Sustainable Pest Management
by Dilawar Abbas, Kamran Haider, Farman Ullah, Umer Liaqat, Naveed Akhtar, Yubin Li and Maolin Hou
Insects 2026, 17(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010111 - 19 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1015
Abstract
Rice is a key food crop worldwide, but its yield and quality are severely constrained by insect pests. As environmental and regulatory restrictions on chemical pesticides grow, developing insect-resistant rice varieties has become a sustainable way to protect food security. This review covers [...] Read more.
Rice is a key food crop worldwide, but its yield and quality are severely constrained by insect pests. As environmental and regulatory restrictions on chemical pesticides grow, developing insect-resistant rice varieties has become a sustainable way to protect food security. This review covers recent progress in functional genomics and molecular marker mapping related to insect resistance in rice. We highlight the identification, cloning, and functional analysis of resistance genes targeting major pests, including the brown planthopper, rice gall midge, white-backed planthopper, small brown planthopper, and rice leaf roller. Several important resistance genes (such as Bph14, Bph3, and Bph29) have been cloned, and their roles in rice immunity have been clarified—covering insect feeding signal recognition, activation of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, and regulation of MAPK cascades, calcium signaling, and reactive oxygen species production. We also discuss how molecular marker-assisted selection, gene pyramiding, and transgenic techniques are used in modern rice breeding. Finally, we address future challenges and opportunities, stressing the importance of utilizing wild rice germplasm, understanding insect effector–plant immune interactions, and applying molecular design breeding to create long-lasting insect-resistant rice varieties that can withstand changing pest pressures and climate conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 3M Approach to Insecticide Resistance in Insects)
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