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20 pages, 5138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Characterization of Chemosensory Gene Families in Two Phthorimaea Pests

by Wangtao Hu, Ruipeng Chen, Qi Su and Yulin Gao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020178 - 6 Feb 2026

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Insects rely on their olfactory systems for host finding, mate choice, and oviposition. These odor-guided behaviors are mediated by the peripheral chemosensory system. The solanaceous pests Phthorimaea operculella and Phthorimaea absoluta cause severe damage to solanaceous crops worldwide. In this study, we aimed [...] Read more.

Insects rely on their olfactory systems for host finding, mate choice, and oviposition. These odor-guided behaviors are mediated by the peripheral chemosensory system. The solanaceous pests Phthorimaea operculella and Phthorimaea absoluta cause severe damage to solanaceous crops worldwide. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the olfactory molecular mechanisms of these two pests. We first screened and identified odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) from the genomes of P. operculella and P. absoluta. We then used RNA sequencing to characterize the tissue expression profiles of OBPs, CSPs, and SNMPs in P. operculella across developmental stages and adult chemosensory organs. From P. operculella, 47 OBPs, 26 CSPs, and 2 SNMPs were identified, and from P. absoluta, 39 OBPs, 24 CSPs, and 2 SNMPs were identified. RNA-seq-based expression profiling in P. operculella was used to resolve sex-biased deployment in antennae: DESeq2 analysis (|log₂FC| > 1, FDR < 0.05) identified 24 OBPs and four CSPs with significant sexual dimorphism, with 14 OBPs and four CSPs upregulated in female antennae (FAn) and 10 OBPs and one CSP, together with SNMP2, upregulated in male antennae (MAn). In reproductive tissues (FOv vs. MGe), three OBPs and one CSP were enriched in the female ovipositor (FOv), whereas six OBPs and five CSPs were enriched in male genitalia (MGe), and no SNMPs met the differential-expression threshold. These candidate genes provide molecular entry points for functional studies and for developing behavior-based, environmentally compatible management strategies for P. operculella and P. absoluta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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19 pages, 2884 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bedtime Story to My Mother: Virgin Females Seek Love

by Marc Rhainds

Insects 2026, 17(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020146 - 27 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The probability that female bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are in mating time-in (live pheromone calling) was recorded in three bagworm species: Oiketicus kirbyi in a Costa Rican oil palm plantation in 1993–1994; Metisa plana in Malaysian oil palm plantations during five consecutive generations of [...] Read more.

The probability that female bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are in mating time-in (live pheromone calling) was recorded in three bagworm species: Oiketicus kirbyi in a Costa Rican oil palm plantation in 1993–1994; Metisa plana in Malaysian oil palm plantations during five consecutive generations of bagworms in 1996; and Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis on ornamental trees in the Midwest United States. Because females entirely reproduce within their bag (mate attraction, copulation, and oviposition), it is possible to assess the mating success of time-out females (dead individuals from an ongoing generation that either mated or died as a lifelong virgin) and incidence of calling females that may or may not mate before death. Synchronous larval development and discrete (non-overlapping) generations imply a declining proportion of live calling females over time in all three bagworm species: ‘young’ calling females prevail in the early season as opposed to a majority of time-out (post-reproductive) females in the late season. Calling females are long-lived relative to males (one-day lifespan) and thus expected to mate as adults when abundance of males is high and/or female longevity exceeds three days. A low mating success of calling females is associated with extreme protogyny (early season male shortage; O. kirbyi in 1994) or late adult emergence in populations at the edge of the distribution range (T. ephemeraeformis at latitudes > 41° N in 2019). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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14 pages, 650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Products for the Control of Scaphoideus titanus in Vineyards: A Summary of Five-Year Field Trials

by Stefan Cristian Prazaru, Luigi Forlin, Leonardo Cera, Lisa D’Ambrogio, Alberto Pozzebon and Carlo Duso

Insects 2026, 17(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010083 - 10 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), the main vector of the phytoplasma (FDp) causing Flavescence dorée, is considered a challenging problem in European vineyards. Natural insecticides permitted for S. titanus control in Italian organic viticulture are generally considered of low-to-moderate efficacy. Morever, it [...] Read more.

Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), the main vector of the phytoplasma (FDp) causing Flavescence dorée, is considered a challenging problem in European vineyards. Natural insecticides permitted for S. titanus control in Italian organic viticulture are generally considered of low-to-moderate efficacy. Morever, it should be mentioned that their optimal use requires a careful approach when preparing the insecticide solutions. Synthetic insecticides used in Italian viticulture are included in only two IRAC groups, indicating potential risks for resistance. Therefore, there is a need to identify alternatives or control tools complementary to synthetic insecticides. In this study, we summarize the results obtained in five field experiments (2021–2025) using the main alternatives to synthetic insecticides (i.e., pyrethrins, kaolin, azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana, and potassium salts of fatty acids). In all seasons, pre-insecticide application populations did not differ significantly among treatments, whereas differences emerged after insecticide applications. The overall results showed that pyrethrin-based insecticides were the most effective in reducing S. titanus nymph densities. Kaolin provided intermediate but comparatively stable levels of control across the years, whereas B. bassiana showed moderate yet highly variable efficacy. The findings obtained here can be considered in designing management strategies for S. titanus in organic viticulture that require an integrated approach combining pyrethrins with complementary, lower-impact tools to achieve effective and sustainable control over time. At the same time, natural insecticides can be incorporated into IPM strategies in conventional vineyards to prevent resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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16 pages, 1003 KB

Open AccessArticle

Direct and Indirect Effects of a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide on Spodoptera frugiperda Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae) on Diet, Maize Plants and Soil

by Juan S. Gómez-Díaz, Arely Y. Cubas, Mara J. Arias-Robledo and Trevor Williams

Insects 2026, 17(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010073 - 8 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, systemic herbicide that has attracted concern over its non-target effects, environmental persistence, and the presence of residues in food. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major invasive pest of maize that can be controlled by application [...] Read more.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, systemic herbicide that has attracted concern over its non-target effects, environmental persistence, and the presence of residues in food. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major invasive pest of maize that can be controlled by application of its homologous nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), an occluded virus in the family Baculoviridae. We examined the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on S. frugiperda growth and survival and on virus occlusion bodies (OBs) exposed to product label-recommended concentrations of the herbicide. Larval growth, time to pupation, pupal weight, duration of the pupal stage and sex ratio were not affected by exposure to the herbicide (1% v/v solution) applied to the surface of semi-synthetic diet. Exposure to 1–2% herbicide solution had no effect on the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of OBs, the susceptibility of second instar larvae to virus infection, or the production of OBs in virus-killed larvae. Virus acquisition did not vary significantly when larvae fed on virus-sprayed maize plants at 1 and 6 days after they had been treated with herbicide, compared to healthy plants. Finally, the presence of 2% herbicide solution did not influence the persistence of OBs in non-sterilized soil samples over a 6-week greenhouse experiment. Although the laboratory and greenhouse experiments indicated that the glyphosate-based herbicide tested was unlikely to influence the transmission or persistence of SfMNPV OBs, future studies should verify these findings across a range of field conditions, soil types and different herbicide formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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18 pages, 1266 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Tandem Metabarcoding and Taxonomic Forensics Approach to Surveillance of Mosquito–Plant Interactions for Culex quinquefasciatus in Florida

by Mba-Tihssommah Mosore, Shova Mishra, Milani Villa, Bright Agbodzi, Alden S. Estep, Agne Prasauskas, Whitney A. Qualls, Daniel Killingsworth, Isik Unlu, Miranda Tressler, Rhoel R. Dinglasan and Edwin R. Burgess IV

Insects 2026, 17(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010013 - 22 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Interactions with plants are an important aspect of mosquito vector biology and ecology because mosquitoes often use plants as nutritional resources. Plant DNA metabarcoding is a recent approach to address this topic. Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of several important pathogens in Florida [...] Read more.

Interactions with plants are an important aspect of mosquito vector biology and ecology because mosquitoes often use plants as nutritional resources. Plant DNA metabarcoding is a recent approach to address this topic. Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of several important pathogens in Florida and is subject to significant control efforts, but no studies to date have explored what plants they may feed on. We addressed this by conducting a statewide collection of Cx. quinquefasciatus from six Florida counties and subjected them to plant DNA metabarcoding and cross-referenced the identified plants to a Florida state plant voucher database for each sampled county. A total of 30 families and 47 genera were identified. Plants included many that are cultivated and non-cultivated in Florida, including backyard garden produce, grasses, and some invasive species. Concurrence of plant families and genera was generally high in the respective sampled counties based on available plant vouchers. These data provide the first statewide survey of plants associated with Cx. quinquefasciatus in Florida. This information serves as an important basis for confirming plant taxa that are important to Cx. quinquefasciatus, which could translate to the development of better control strategies and tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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13 pages, 643 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biology of Chrysoperla comanche (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)—Should This Predator Be Considered for Insectary Production?

by Kent M. Daane

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121235 - 6 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The immature development, larval food consumption, and adult fecundity of Chrysoperla comanche (Banks), as a predator of the leafhopper Erasmoneura variabilis (Beamer), were determined. The threshold temperatures of egg, first, second, and third instars, and pupal stages were 10.6, 12.9, 11.5, 10.3, and [...] Read more.

The immature development, larval food consumption, and adult fecundity of Chrysoperla comanche (Banks), as a predator of the leafhopper Erasmoneura variabilis (Beamer), were determined. The threshold temperatures of egg, first, second, and third instars, and pupal stages were 10.6, 12.9, 11.5, 10.3, and 11.0 °C, respectively, and their corresponding accumulated degree days (DDs) were 73.5, 38.5, 37.4, 44.3 and 140.4 DD. When placed in an outdoor cage, field-collected adults continued to deposit eggs during the winter months. The weight of 3 d-old cocoons was negatively related to temperature, indicating that cocoon weights decrease as temperatures near the lethal thresholds. Larvae consumed ~250 late instar E. variabilis. At 26.7 °C. Adults had an average pre-ovipositional period of 5.8 days and produced an average of 1108 eggs over their entire life of 53.6 days, with 77.3% (857 eggs) of eggs produced in the first 30 days of reproduction. The results are discussed with respect to the application and commercial production of C. comanche in biological control programs, as well as the feasibility of insectaries to produce specialty natural enemies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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20 pages, 1600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorantraniliprole Resistance and Associated Fitness Costs in Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda): Implications for Resistance Management

by Arzlan Abbas, Faisal Hafeez, Ali Hasnain, Ayesha Iftikhar, Muhammad Hassan Khan, Farman Ullah, Ahmed M. M. Elkady, Chen Ri Zhao and Xiaohe Sun

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121232 - 6 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 901

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) represents a major threat to maize production across Pakistan, with chemical control serving as the predominant management approach. The intensive application of insecticides, particularly diamide compounds such as chlorantraniliprole, has escalated concerns regarding resistance evolution in field [...] Read more.

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) represents a major threat to maize production across Pakistan, with chemical control serving as the predominant management approach. The intensive application of insecticides, particularly diamide compounds such as chlorantraniliprole, has escalated concerns regarding resistance evolution in field populations. This study evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of seven commonly used compounds against geographically diverse field-collected populations of S. frugiperda from major maize-growing regions of Pakistan, revealing significant inter-population variability in susceptibility profiles. Chlorantraniliprole was selected for comprehensive transgenerational screening based on moderate baseline LC₅₀ values and optimal laboratory colony establishment parameters. A representative field strain underwent six consecutive generations of selection pressure at LC₇₀ concentrations, resulting in a 4.48-fold increase in resistance levels with a realized heritability (h²) of 0.198. Predictive modeling using established quantitative genetic frameworks demonstrated that resistance evolution rates are critically dependent on both selection intensity and genetic parameters. Under constant h² = 0.198, increasing selection intensity substantially accelerated resistance development, with 10-fold resistance achievable in approximately 18 generations at 80% selection intensity (slope = 2.696) compared to 36 generations at lower intensities (slope = 4.696). Sensitivity analysis revealed that heritability variations from 0.148 to 0.248 could reduce generation requirements from >40 to ~25 generations when slope was maintained at 3.696. Life table analyses of the chlorantraniliprole-selected strain demonstrated significant fitness costs manifested as extended developmental periods, reduced reproductive output, and decreased intrinsic rate of population increase (r), indicating evolutionary trade-offs associated with resistance acquisition. These findings provide crucial insights for developing sustainable management strategies, highlighting the importance of integrating resistance monitoring, refuge-based approaches, and rotation with insecticides of different modes of action to delay resistance buildup in field populations. Such data-driven management frameworks are vital for maintaining the long-term efficacy of diamides in Pakistan’s maize production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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12 pages, 2177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics of Stored-Product Insects in a Feed Manufacturing Facility in Greece

by Evagelia Lampiri, Paraskevi Agrafioti, Efstathios Kaloudis, Dimitrios Kateris and Christos G. Athanassiou

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121209 - 27 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The present study aimed to document the diversity and seasonal dynamics of stored-product insects in an animal feed facility located in northern Greece. A total of 38 traps were installed across different operational areas of the facility and inspected over 51 consecutive sampling [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to document the diversity and seasonal dynamics of stored-product insects in an animal feed facility located in northern Greece. A total of 38 traps were installed across different operational areas of the facility and inspected over 51 consecutive sampling occasions. Captured insects were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, and their frequency and dominance were calculated. In total, 9047 insect species belonging to five orders, 14 families, and at least 18 insect species were recorded. The dominant species were Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sitophilus granarius, Lasioderma serricorne, and Lepidoptera adults, which collectively accounted for more than 85% of all captures. The total number of insects exhibited marked seasonal fluctuations, with the highest captures during late summer and early autumn and minimal activity during winter. Positive and significant correlations were detected among several dominant species, notably between Lepidoptera and T. castaneum, suggesting overlapping environmental preferences within the facility. These findings provide a detailed overview of the insects associated with feed industries in Greece and underscore the importance of continuous monitoring for effective pest management. The results highlight the need for seasonally adjusted control measures and contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of stored-product pests under industrial conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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15 pages, 728 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Enhancement Technology of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) for Controlling Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): Drilling Optimization and Biological Collaboration

by Jiale Li, Min Zhang, Zhilan Li, Xiaohui Li, Yong Peng, Wenxiu Zhou, Zhengping Zhao and Xuewu Yan

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111138 - 7 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire, a parasitic natural enemy widely used in the biological control of Monochamus alternatus Hope, possesses strong abilities to search for hosts and prey. To enhance the biological control efficacy of D. helophoroides against M. alternatus, this study systematically evaluated [...] Read more.

Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire, a parasitic natural enemy widely used in the biological control of Monochamus alternatus Hope, possesses strong abilities to search for hosts and prey. To enhance the biological control efficacy of D. helophoroides against M. alternatus, this study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of enhancing control through methods such as drilling holes in lure logs and introducing D. helophoroides carrying Pyemotes zhonghuajia or Beauveria bassiana under controlled indoor conditions. The results showed that: (1) Releasing D. helophoroides eggs (after 30 days) and releasing adults (after 120 days) were both effective in controlling M. alternatus, with the best control effects achieved when 50 eggs/m and 3 adults/m were released. The release of adults took longer to show effects but had better results than the release of eggs in the later stages. (2) The location and number of holes drilled in lure logs significantly influenced the efficiency of D. helophoroides in searching for and parasitizing M. alternatus, while the diameter of the holes was not significant. Considering the highest control efficacy and minimizing damage to the tree, the optimal conditions were releasing D. helophoroides adults 2 cm above M. alternatus fecal holes, with 0.4 cm in diameter and 2 holes/m release density, which significantly promoted the invasion of D. helophoroides adults into the borer tunnels and increased the M. alternatus mortality rate. (3) Releasing D. helophoroides adults carrying P. zhonghuajia or B. bassiana significantly improves the control efficacy against M. alternatus. The higher the number of D. helophoroides adults released per log segment and the greater the quantity of P. zhonghuajia or B. bassiana that they carry, the higher the mortality rate of M. alternatus. After 60 days of release, the highest mortality rate of M. alternatus was observed in treatments where D. helophoroides (released at densities of 3 adults per meter of log segment) carried P. zhonghuajia (0.6 million/m) or were sprayed with B. bassiana (3 g/m). The synergistic effect of carrying P. zhonghuajia was evident, but the overall control efficacy of spraying B. bassiana was limited. In summary, optimizing drilling techniques and combining biological release strategies under laboratory conditions can significantly enhance the control efficacy against M. alternatus, providing data support for D. helophoroides future application in forest pest control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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17 pages, 6569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Attraction-Mediated Synergy: Insecticide Toxicity Against Coptotermes formosanus Enhanced by Trichoderma Metabolites

by Aysha Siddika, Siqi Chen, Keer Zhu, Xiangfei Wang, Xinquan Du, Linjuan Wan, Min Liu and Lang Zhang

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111116 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 818

Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that Trichoderma metabolites triggered aggregation behavior in Coptotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). Building on this, the present work systematically evaluated the behavioral effects of three specific Trichoderma metabolites—phenol, ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate, and diglycolic acid—and their synergistic interactions with insecticides. We hypothesized [...] Read more.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Trichoderma metabolites triggered aggregation behavior in Coptotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). Building on this, the present work systematically evaluated the behavioral effects of three specific Trichoderma metabolites—phenol, ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate, and diglycolic acid—and their synergistic interactions with insecticides. We hypothesized that these metabolites attract C. formosanus through multiple behavioral mechanisms and enhance the toxicity of insecticides. Bioactivity showed that ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate and diglycolic acid exhibited no significant toxicity. Phenol (5 × 10⁻² to 5 µg/cm) and ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate (5 × 10⁻¹ µg/cm) elicited trail-following behavior. In the no-choice insecticide synergy test, phenol or diglycolic acid combined with imidacloprid (50 µg/g) resulted in substantially higher mortality compared to insecticides alone. The combination of metabolites with fipronil resulted in 100% mortality in termites. In two-choice aggregation tests, termite presence on metabolite-treated filter papers was significantly elevated compared to the controls. Fipronil (10 μg/g) alone significantly reduced termite aggregation. But when fipronil was combined with the metabolites, termite presence on the treated papers increased significantly, resulting in a substantial rise in mortality and demonstrating a clear attract–kill synergy. These findings identify Trichoderma metabolites as safe and effective behavioral regulators for C. formosanus. By enhancing insecticidal efficacy through attractant–toxicity synergy, they represent promising candidates for developing novel termite control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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14 pages, 1451 KB

Open AccessArticle

CHS-2 Is Involved in the Response of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae to Cadmium Stress by Mediating the Formation of the Peritrophic Membrane

by Chen Zhang, Yanjuan Ding, Ruoyun Lan, Min Zhou, Yanrong Chen, Bin Tang, Gexia Qiao and Shigui Wang

Insects 2025, 16(11), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111102 - 29 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 756

Abstract

Pollution with heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), can significantly affect insect growth, development, and behavior. The midgut is an essential organ for stress response. Chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2) is closely associated with forming the peritrophic membrane (PM). The fourth-instar larvae of [...] Read more.

Pollution with heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), can significantly affect insect growth, development, and behavior. The midgut is an essential organ for stress response. Chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2) is closely associated with forming the peritrophic membrane (PM). The fourth-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus were exposed to varying concentrations of Cd. The results showed that Cd inhibited chitin synthesis and metabolism-related genes, but thickened the midgut PM, indicating that the larvae could respond to Cd stress through the midgut PM. Silencing CHS-2 by RNA interference resulted more severe vacuolization and malformation of midgut epithelial cells without midgut PM protection. Additionally, there was an intensified redox reaction, upregulated expression of metallothionein (MT) and heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes at some scattered time points. This study confirms that CHS-2 is involved in oxidative stress induced by Cd exposure by regulating PM formation. This study also contributes to further understanding the resistance mechanism of Ae. albopictus under Cd stress, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the future studies of them, which is concerned with the possibility of Ae. albopictus as a water environment detection and the control of Ae. albopictus based on resistance mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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