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Heterocyclic Compounds: Molecular Modelling Studies and Pharmacological Investigation

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2026 | Viewed by 693

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Dipartimento Neurofarba, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff, 6, Polo Scientifico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Interests: heterocyclic nitrogen compounds; pyrazolo condensed compounds; synthesis; gabaa receptor subtype; human neutrophil elastase inhibitors; medicinal chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Interests: medicinal chemistry; organic synthesis; heterocycles; gabaa subtype receptors; HNE inhibitors; FPR
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and selenium atoms, also as fused rings, are widely present in nature and display a variety of activities, both biological and pharmacological, as well as toxic. There are well-known compounds containing heterocycle rings (e.g. cyclosporine A, paclitaxel, vincristine and vinblastine) isolated from fungi, venoms, and plants which are not only powerful drugs, but have also represented the starting point for new (semi)-synthetic derivatives endowed with pharmacological activity. Today, most drugs on the market show the heterocycle core, and the research is oriented towards the design of small molecules able to interact with biological targets such as receptors, enzymes and channels. Therefore, the synthesis of heterocycle compounds is of primary importance for new potential therapeutic agents and more.

This special Issue on ‘Heterocycles’ aims to collect contributions describing the synthesis of heterocyclic derivatives for therapeutic, cosmetic, and agricultural applications as well as molecular modelling studies and pharmacological investigation.

Dr. Gabriella Guerrini
Dr. Maria P. Giovannoni
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • heterocycles
  • fused heteocycles
  • synthesis
  • small-molecules
  • natural product
  • drug design
  • biological studies
  • molecular modeling

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

27 pages, 4913 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Cytocompatibility and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carboxyxanthones Selected by In Silico Studies
by Ricardo F. Pereira, Catarina Amoedo-Leite, Sara Gimondi, Sara F. Vieira, João Handel, Andreia Palmeira, Maria Elizabeth Tiritan, Madalena M. M. Pinto, Nuno M. Neves, Helena Ferreira and Carla Fernandes
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010110 - 22 Dec 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
Carboxyxanthones containing carboxylic acid groups linked to lipophilic aromatic rings resemble the key pharmacophoric features of many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This structural similarity makes them attractive scaffolds for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents. This study describes the production, cytocompatibility, and anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.
Carboxyxanthones containing carboxylic acid groups linked to lipophilic aromatic rings resemble the key pharmacophoric features of many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This structural similarity makes them attractive scaffolds for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents. This study describes the production, cytocompatibility, and anti-inflammatory potential of ten carboxyxanthones (110) and two intermediates (1112) by evaluating their effects on key pro-inflammatory mediators, namely interleukin 6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). As these compounds are produced by distinct mechanisms, their multi-target potential will be evaluated. Carboxyxanthones were obtained by multi-step pathways using different synthetic approaches through classical benzophenone or diaryl ether intermediates synthesis followed by intramolecular acylation. To the best of our knowledge, the synthesis of carboxyxanthones 3 and 5 is described herein for the first time. All tested compounds were cytocompatible with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The most notable carboxyxanthones were 3, 4, 7, and 8, which were able to significantly reduce IL-6 production by approximately 60%. Molecular docking simulations between compounds 112 and cyclooxygenase-2 were conducted to characterize the structural features underlying molecular recognition, and to identify the most promising candidates for subsequent PGE2 assays. Carboxyxanthones 3, 5, and 6, as well as intermediate 12, were predicted to be the best. In the human in vitro inflammation model used, carboxyxanthone 6 exhibited the most potent and consistent inhibitory effect on PGE2 production. At the highest concentration tested (100 µM), it presented an efficacy comparable to that of celecoxib. Carboxyxanthones 3 and 5 demonstrated a biphasic effect, decreasing and increasing PGE2 production at lower (5, 12.5, and 25 µM) and higher (50 and 100 µM) concentrations, respectively. These results highlight the potential of carboxyxanthones as promising modulators of inflammatory pathways, paving the way for further studies aimed at elucidating their mechanisms of action, optimizing structural features, and assessing their safety and therapeutic potential in relevant disease models. Full article
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