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Molecular and Genetic Insights into Neuropsychiatric Disorders: From Mechanisms to Management

A Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067) belonging to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 December 2026 | Viewed by 3113

Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
Interests: psychiatry; pharmacology; pharmacy; neurosciences; neurology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Psychiatric disorders are, fundamentally, disorders of the brain. The distinction between psychiatric and neurologic disorders is, at best, arbitrary—often based on historical conventions that no longer reflect contemporary scientific or clinical understanding. Historically, psychiatrists have managed schizophrenia, neurologists have treated Parkinson’s disease, and both specialties have been involved in the care of patients with major neurocognitive disorders (dementia). Moreover, the outdated division between “organic” (assumed to involve visible lesions) and “functional” disorders (assumed to involve molecular or connectivity abnormalities) fails to capture the complexity of clinical practice, particularly in cases with complicated clinical presentations. For instance, patients with schizophrenia often show abnormalities on neuroimaging; those with Parkinson’s disease often experience psychotic symptoms; and individuals with major neurocognitive disorder commonly present with psychotic or depressive symptoms alongside cognitive decline. These overlaps underscore the need to conceptualize central nervous system (CNS) diseases more holistically—as neuropsychiatric disorders.

Scientific inquiry into the genesis of neuropsychiatric illness progresses rapidly, yielding a range of explanatory models spanning genetics, biochemistry, and cellular neuroscience. The focus of much of the research into these illnesses is on various molecular mechanisms to elucidate the pathophysiology of these complex illnesses. These approaches can include, but are not limited to, inquiries into, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, epigenetics, and gene–environment interactions. Progress in understanding the molecular genesis of these illnesses, combined with parallel inquiry into emerging management strategies (e.g., advances in pharmacology and the explosion of developments in neuromodulation), makes pragmatic advances in the understanding and management of these complex illnesses a major contemporary priority in medicine.

Despite the progress to date in understanding and managing these CNS illnesses, they remain a major source of suffering and disability worldwide. Given the age association of many CNS illnesses, the worldwide aging of the population makes further inquiry into explanatory models even more imperative. The aggregate effect of CNS illness will be more problematic in an aging population. The search for genetic causes of neuropsychiatric illness is an especially important area, as progress in this domain offers the promise of earlier ascertainment. This may well lead to earlier clinical interventions, before patients have experienced chronic morbidity and disability.

Prof. Dr. James Alan Bourgeois
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • psychiatry
  • neurology
  • psychotic disorders
  • depressive disorders
  • neurocognitive disorders
  • neuropsychiatry
  • genetics
  • psychopharmacology
  • neuromodulation
  • genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
  • transcriptomics
  • epigenetics
  • gene-environment interactions

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 3805 KB  
Article
Cell Tropism-Related Gene Signatures in MDD Identified by Transcriptomic Analysis and Rat Model Validation
by Jie Min, Rongrong Jiang, Qiuyue Xu, Yu Chen, Qianyu Han, Chuanlin Yang, Lin Lin and Guihua Xu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(19), 8780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198780 - 30 Sep 2026
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with immune dysregulation, but the contribution of chemotaxis-related genes remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to identify chemotaxis-related signatures in MDD and evaluate their diagnostic relevance. Two peripheral-blood microarray datasets (GSE76826 and GSE38206) were integrated after batch [...] Read more.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with immune dysregulation, but the contribution of chemotaxis-related genes remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to identify chemotaxis-related signatures in MDD and evaluate their diagnostic relevance. Two peripheral-blood microarray datasets (GSE76826 and GSE38206) were integrated after batch correction, and differentially expressed genes were intersected with the GOBP_TAXIS gene set. Hub genes were selected using random forest and SVM-RFE and evaluated by logistic regression, ROC, calibration, and decision curve analyses. Immune-cell abundance, molecular subtypes, single-nucleus expression, and in silico gene-knockout effects were further examined, followed by qRT-PCR and Western blot validation in a CUMS rat model. The integrated cohort included 21 controls and 29 MDD cases. GOBP_TAXIS activity was increased in MDD (p < 0.001), and seven candidate genes yielded three upregulated hub genes (CXCL2, NRG1, and C3AR1). The fixed three-gene model yielded an exploratory AUC of 0.889 in the development cohort. All three genes correlated positively with monocytes/neutrophils and negatively with T cells. Single-cell analysis revealed cell-specific enrichment, while in silico knockout simulations predicted transcriptional changes involving RORB and NTNG1 following virtual perturbation of CXCL2 and NRG1. Animal experiments confirmed consistent upregulation at both transcriptional and translational levels. CXCL2, NRG1, and C3AR1 represent candidate chemotaxis-related biomarkers for MDD and are associated with distinct immune-cell abundance patterns and inflammatory signatures, warranting further functional validation. Full article
12 pages, 1014 KB  
Article
A Potential Link Between Dyslipidemia and Inflammation in Patients with Schizophrenia: Insights from Sterols and HDL Profile Analysis
by Sveva Bagnasco, Giuseppe De Simone, Gustavo Cernera, Alessandro Usiello, Felice Iasevoli, Giuseppe Castaldo, Monica Gelzo and Andrea de Bartolomeis
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(16), 7219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27167219 - 13 Aug 2026
Viewed by 328
Abstract
Dyslipidemia and inflammation are two hallmarks of schizophrenia (SCZ), but the link between these two conditions remains elusive. We studied 40 SCZ patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (CTRL) analyzing serum total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In [...] Read more.
Dyslipidemia and inflammation are two hallmarks of schizophrenia (SCZ), but the link between these two conditions remains elusive. We studied 40 SCZ patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (CTRL) analyzing serum total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In addition, we evaluated, for the first time in SCZ patients, HDL subfractions and surrogate markers of cholesterol intestinal absorption and de novo synthesis together with cholesterol precursors, aiming to address a possible dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in SCZ. Moreover, we measured serum cytokines to evaluate systemic inflammation. SCZ patients showed an impaired cholesterol absorption, as indicated by serum phytosterols and cholestanol reduction, and a subsequent increase in de novo synthesis, confirmed by the increase in serum lathosterol. However, the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis seems to be impaired, probably for the inhibition of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), as suggested by the significant increase in serum 7-dehydrocholesterol (and its isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol). Consequently, serum HDL cholesterol is significantly reduced with an anti-inflammatory remodeling of its subfractions that likely represents a response to systemic inflammation suggested by the increased serum interleukin-6 and angiopoietin-2 levels. Overall, the impaired cholesterol metabolism in SCZ patients is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, which is responded to by the anti-inflammatory remodeling of HDL subfractions. Improving intestinal cholesterol absorption and reducing endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis could represent putative therapeutic approaches. Full article
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14 pages, 862 KB  
Article
Analysis of Gene, Environment, and Sex Interaction in the Development of Autistic-like Phenotype in Mice
by Danielle Santana-Coelho, Grace Porter, Juan Morales and Jason C. O’Connor
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(6), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062566 - 11 Mar 2026
Viewed by 805
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that manifests a broad variability of phenotypes. The underlying factors contributing to the diverse presentation of autistic phenotypes remain poorly understood. Studies have shown that environmental and genetic factors could contribute to ASD. Additionally, there [...] Read more.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that manifests a broad variability of phenotypes. The underlying factors contributing to the diverse presentation of autistic phenotypes remain poorly understood. Studies have shown that environmental and genetic factors could contribute to ASD. Additionally, there is a sex bias in the disorder, where the prevalence in males is higher than in females. But it is still unknown how exposure to similar risk factors can lead to different phenotypes. The three-hit theory states that the vulnerability of an individual to develop ASD is modulated by the interplay between genetic predisposition, sex, and environmental insults. To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated whether an environmental insult, via maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy could influence the development of the autistic-like phenotype in a genetically predisposed mouse strain, contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) knockout. CNTNAP2 knockout, sex, and maternal immune activation had significantly additive effects on repetitive/stereotyped and social behavior in the offspring, while working memory and sensory gating were not affected by hits. These results indicate that genetics, sex, and environment interact to influence autistic-like phenotypes in a behavior-specific manner. Full article
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14 pages, 2479 KB  
Article
Functional Variation in RGS12 Should Not Preclude Methylphenidate Use in Bipolar Disorder with Established Mood Stabilization: Preclinical Evidence
by Percy S. Agogo-Mawuli, Joshua D. Gross, Vincent Setola, Bryan J. Gall and David P. Siderovski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11993; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411993 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1530
Abstract
Our goal in this study was to determine whether functional variation in the human RGS12 gene influences behavioral responses to psychostimulants such as methylphenidate, thereby informing whether such genetic findings should affect the clinical use of this central nervous system (CNS)-stimulating agent in [...] Read more.
Our goal in this study was to determine whether functional variation in the human RGS12 gene influences behavioral responses to psychostimulants such as methylphenidate, thereby informing whether such genetic findings should affect the clinical use of this central nervous system (CNS)-stimulating agent in bipolar disorder (BD) patients with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The use of psychostimulants for ADHD in BD remains controversial due to concerns about mood destabilization, although recent systematic reviews indicate that methylphenidates and amphetamines can be safe and effective when used with mood stabilizers. RGS12, a striatally enriched regulator of κ-opioid receptor signaling and dopamine transporter (DAT) function, has been implicated in altered dopaminergic responses to psychostimulants. A recently characterized R59Q reduction-of-function mutation within RGS12 has been associated with familial bipolar disorder, further highlighting its potential relevance to mood and psychostimulant responsiveness. Rgs12-deficient mice were evaluated for behavioral responses to methylphenidate (i.e., locomotor hyperactivity) and compared with responses to dopamine transporter-dependent stimulants. Rgs12 deficiency was seen to reduce hyperlocomotion with amphetamine, and with methamphetamine but not with methylphenidate, which was instead observed to elicit normal hyperlocomotor responses across all doses. Methylphenidate responsiveness remains intact despite the loss of RGS12 function, suggesting that RGS12 functional variation in the human condition should not contraindicate methylphenidate use in mood-stabilized BD/ADHD comorbidity. Full article
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