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Endocrinology of Pregnancy

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2026 | Viewed by 7309

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: metabolism; obesity; appetite axis; endometrial environment
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pregnancy is an important part of the human life cycle. Pregnancy is characterised by the presence of a changing maternal body associated with hormonal changes derived from mother. At the same time, in pregnancy, we observe the growth of the placenta and embryo with their own endocrine systems. During pregnancy, all three endocrine systems interact to ensure normal embryo development.

The endometrial environment is important for embryo development and is affected by external factors such as maternal diet, stress and health, as well as pollution and endocrine disruptors. Thus, the previous external stimuli affect maternal fetal and placental endocrine systems. Conditions such as gestational diabetes, maternal hyperandrogenaemia and obesity impact fetal development endocrine function and birth weight–body composition.

We request manuscripts studying the molecular effects of external stimuli and maternal health on fetal or placental development and metabolism. In addition we request manuscripts exploring the long-term metabolic, endocrine and psychiatric effects of the above on adolelescence and adulthood.

Dr. Georgios Valsamakis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • pregnancy
  • endocrine system
  • fetal development
  • maternal health
  • metabolism

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

17 pages, 932 KB  
Review
The Effect of Maternal Stress on 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity During Pregnancy: Evidence for Potential Pregnancy Complications and Consequences on Fetal Development and Metabolism
by Polina Pavli, George Mastorakos, Makarios Eleftheriades and Georgios Valsamakis
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211071 - 16 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1384
Abstract
Τhe intrauterine environment has a strong connection with the growing fetus and possible effects that can continue up to adulthood. Currently, stress is conceptualized as a modern teratogen. The overwhelming majority of studies indicate that maternal stress during pregnancy may have effects on [...] Read more.
Τhe intrauterine environment has a strong connection with the growing fetus and possible effects that can continue up to adulthood. Currently, stress is conceptualized as a modern teratogen. The overwhelming majority of studies indicate that maternal stress during pregnancy may have effects on pregnancy outcomes and fetal development, with long-lasting consequences on child and adult vulnerability to disease. Glucocorticoids are essential for regulating fetal development, growth, and metabolism. The two isoforms of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme (11β-HSD) mediate and regulate glucocorticoid actions and biological activity. It has not yet been fully elucidated whether maternal stress during pregnancy affects 11β-HSD isoenzyme activity and expression and results in possible adverse effects on fetal development, metabolism, and pregnancy outcomes. This review examines a possible pathophysiological mechanism by which maternal stress during pregnancy affects placental 11β-HSD isoenzyme activity, thereby causing adverse effects on the physiological status of pregnancy, fetal development, and metabolism. Furthermore, the main outcome of the review is the following: chronic and acute maternal stress during pregnancy affects the activity and the expression of placental 11β-HSD isoenzymes and has possible subsequent unfavorable results on preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrinology of Pregnancy)
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21 pages, 2569 KB  
Review
Critical Role of Iodine and Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy
by Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes, Camilo Fuentes Peña, Jonathan F. Nuñez, María Belén Sánchez, Jonatan J. Carvajal, Katherine Roble, María José Mendoza-León, Ma. Andreina Rangel-Ramírez, Ma. Cecilia Opazo, Margarita K. Lay, Claudia A. Riedel, Enrique Guzmán-Gutierrez, Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti and Evelyn L. Jara
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110247 - 22 Oct 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5516
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient that is required for thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis. However, adequate maternal thyroid function is critical for fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Pregnancy increases iodine requirements due to enhanced renal clearance, higher maternal TH production, and transplacental transfer, making pregnant [...] Read more.
Iodine is an essential micronutrient that is required for thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis. However, adequate maternal thyroid function is critical for fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Pregnancy increases iodine requirements due to enhanced renal clearance, higher maternal TH production, and transplacental transfer, making pregnant women especially vulnerable to iodine deficiency. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms of TH synthesis and regulation, placental transport and metabolism, and the physiological adaptations of thyroid function during gestation. We also analyze the clinical and public health consequences of iodine imbalances, ranging from deficiency to excess. Evidence indicates that mild iodine deficiency—which is common even in developed countries—can lead to maternal thyroid overstimulation, increased thyroglobulin levels, altered T3/T4 ratios, and enlarged thyroid volume, while severe deficiency results in maternal and fetal hypothyroidism with irreversible neurocognitive impairment in the offspring. Conversely, excessive iodine intake may impair fetal thyroid function through mechanisms such as the Wolff–Chaikoff effect. In conclusion, ensuring balanced iodine intake through iodized salt, supplementation, and routine thyroid monitoring during pregnancy is essential to protect maternal health and optimize early neurodevelopment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrinology of Pregnancy)
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