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Pandemic Preparedness: Lessons from COVID-19, Arboviral Outbreaks, and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Department of Epidemiology, São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil
Interests: respiratory viruses; arthropods borne diseases; epidemiological intelligence; arbovirus; neglected tropical diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increasing frequency of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases underscores the urgent need for a resilient and proactive approach to pandemic preparedness. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed both strengths and gaps in global health systems, while arboviral outbreaks, such as those caused by dengue, chikungunya, and Oropouche virus, continue to challenge public health responses worldwide. These events highlight the importance of integrating surveillance, early detection, response strategies, and public health interventions to mitigate future threats.

This Special Issue aims to explore key lessons learned from recent and ongoing outbreaks, emphasizing strategies to enhance preparedness for future pandemics. We invite contributions that address various aspects of pandemic preparedness, including epidemiological surveillance, diagnostic advancements, health system resilience, vaccination strategies, vector control, and the role of climate change in disease emergence. Submissions on innovative approaches to outbreak prediction, interdisciplinary collaboration, and policy development are also encouraged.

By compiling insights from COVID-19, arboviral epidemics, and other emerging infectious diseases, this Special Issue seeks to advance scientific knowledge and inform evidence-based policies that will strengthen global health security. Researchers are invited to submit original studies, reviews, case reports, and commentaries that contribute to this critical discussion.

Prof. Dr. André Ricardo Ribas Freitas
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • pandemic preparedness
  • respiratory virus
  • emerging infectious diseases
  • arboviruses
  • climate change
  • global health

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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13 pages, 420 KiB  
Systematic Review
Learning from COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the IHR-SPAR Framework’s Role in the Pandemic Response
by Ida Santalucia, Michele Sorrentino, Claudio Fiorilla, Sabrina Tranquilli, Giordana Strazza, Paolo Montuori, Raffaele Palladino, Maria Fiore, Margherita Ferrante and Maria Triassi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050695 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 82
Abstract
The International Health Regulations (IHR) provide a global framework for health security, requiring annual reporting on 35 indicators across 15 core capacities via the State Parties Annual Reporting (SPAR) tool. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed gaps in the IHR framework and monitoring systems, prompting [...] Read more.
The International Health Regulations (IHR) provide a global framework for health security, requiring annual reporting on 35 indicators across 15 core capacities via the State Parties Annual Reporting (SPAR) tool. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed gaps in the IHR framework and monitoring systems, prompting calls for reform. This systematic review analyzed the correlations between IHR-SPAR scores and pandemic outcomes across nine studies (2020–2024), selected using the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s tool for cross-sectional studies. Of 1019 screened studies, nine met the inclusion criteria. Higher SPAR scores generally correlated with lower COVID-19 incidence and mortality, although some high-scoring countries experienced severe outbreaks. Middle-income countries showed the greatest improvement, particularly in risk communication and emergency response, while zoonotic disease capacities saw little progress. While the SPAR tool aids monitoring, it requires revisions to better reflect real-world pandemic responses. High SPAR scores do not always indicate effective crisis management. This study recommends integrating more dynamic, operational, and context-sensitive indicators to enhance the global preparedness for future health emergencies. Full article
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