Food Gels: Fabrication, Characterization, and Application (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2027 | Viewed by 3300

Special Issue Editors

State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Interests: bioactive components; proteins; polysaccharides; synergism; biopolymer-based delivery system; in vitro digestion; functional additives and foods
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Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sino-US Cooperative International Laboratory for Germplasm Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Mollusks, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
Interests: exploration of novel natural antioxidants, particularly polysaccharides and peptides; strategies for enhancing the antioxidant activity of natural products; redox modulation of trace elements (e.g., selenium) in biological systems; the role of dietary antioxidants in improving the meat quality of aquatic products

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Food gels, typically composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, are a type of viscoelastic system that is capable of entrapping water (hydrogels), oil (oleogels), and air (aerogels) in their three-dimensional networks. Food gels are essential in modern food formulation design and production due to their versatile functional properties, including modifying food structures to achieve a desired appearance, sensory, and texture; incorporating bioactive compounds with high physicochemical stability and bioavailability in food products; creating personal foods with specific shapes through 3D printing techniques; replacing fat to reduce intake of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and calories; and maintaining metastable food structures and extending shelf-life. The appropriate design of food gels not only improves the quality and personalization of food but also nutrition and health benefits.

However, owing to the increased complexity of food gels formulated with biopolymers compared to synthetic polymer gels, the relationships among material selection, fabrication strategy, microstructure, and mechanical and functional properties in specific food systems are not well understood. Furthermore, as scientific research can often neglect practical applications, bridging the gap between theory and practice is a key factor for scaling up the production of innovative gel-based foods with improved characteristics and functionalities.

We invite you to submit your latest research findings or review articles to this Special Issue, which highlights current research exploring food gels (e.g., hydrogels, oleogels, aerogels, emulsion gels, bigels, etc.), with a focus on formulation design, fabrication protocols, structure–property relationships, and applications in the food industry. You can view the first edition at the following link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/gels/special_issues/XYYQ8U372D.

Dr. Hao Cheng
Dr. Wanwen Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Gels is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • food gel
  • proteins
  • polysaccharides
  • lipids
  • formulation and structure design
  • structure–property relationship
  • gel-based foods

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 3062 KB  
Article
Structural, Interfacial, Gelling, and Digestive Properties of Protein from Grifola frondosa Fruiting Body
by Yu Wang, Shuyu Song, Qiuyan Liu, Lihong Chen, Weimin Liu, Juan Wu and Yu Cheng
Gels 2026, 12(5), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12050412 - 9 May 2026
Viewed by 191
Abstract
Culture medium formulation influences mushroom yield and composition, but its effect on the properties of edible fungal protein remains unclear. To explore the functional and nutritional properties of proteins from Grifola frondosa (GF) fruiting bodies, the study examined the structural, interfacial, gelling, and [...] Read more.
Culture medium formulation influences mushroom yield and composition, but its effect on the properties of edible fungal protein remains unclear. To explore the functional and nutritional properties of proteins from Grifola frondosa (GF) fruiting bodies, the study examined the structural, interfacial, gelling, and digestive properties of GF proteins grown in four culture media. The four GF proteins obtained were labeled GFP1–GFP4, respectively. The β-turn content and intrinsic fluorescence in GFP1 increased by 41.48% and 36.45% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to GFP4. GFP4 exhibited higher surface pressure at the air–water interface and lower interfacial force at the oil–water interface. In comparison with GFP4, the other GFPs showed a higher rate of interfacial film formation and greater film elasticity and strength. GFP2 had a minimum gelling concentration of 80 mg/mL, which is a 33.33% reduction from GFP4. The storage modulus (G′) of GFP1 was 58 times higher than that of GFP4 (10 Pa), indicating a significant increase in gel elasticity (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to GFP4, GFP1 showed a 16.59% increase in total amino acid and a 6.82% increase in free amino group release (p < 0.05), although its digestibility decreased by 5.06% (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the formulation of the culture medium alters the structures and interfacial properties of GFPs, thereby impacting their functionalities and applications in food colloid-based products. Full article
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20 pages, 3995 KB  
Article
Role of Starch Type in Gel-like Network Formation of Extruded Meat Analogs
by Chaeyeon Kang, Ayeon Han and Bon-Jae Gu
Gels 2026, 12(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010094 - 22 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 794
Abstract
Starches play a crucial role in determining the expansion, texture, and structural development of extruded meat analogs through their gelatinization behavior and interactions with proteins. In this study, corn, pea, tapioca, sweet potato, and potato starches were incorporated into soy protein-based formulations and [...] Read more.
Starches play a crucial role in determining the expansion, texture, and structural development of extruded meat analogs through their gelatinization behavior and interactions with proteins. In this study, corn, pea, tapioca, sweet potato, and potato starches were incorporated into soy protein-based formulations and processed under low-moisture and high-moisture extrusion conditions to investigate starch-dependent physicochemical properties. Amylose/amylopectin composition and starch pasting properties were evaluated, and the resulting extrudates were characterized in terms of expansion behavior, water-related properties, textural attributes, and internal structure. Distinct differences in pasting behavior were observed among starches, with potato starch exhibiting high peak viscosity and pea starch showing strong viscosity development during cooling. These differences were closely associated with extrusion outcomes, influencing expansion ratio and texture formation. In low-moisture extrusion, starches susceptible to thermal and shear degradation showed increased solubilization, whereas in high-moisture extrusion, enhanced starch gelatinization promoted starch–protein interactions and contributed to improved textural integrity and structural alignment. Overall, the results demonstrate that starch type is a key determinant of expansion behavior, texture, and structural organization in extruded meat analogs, highlighting the importance of starch selection and processing conditions for tailoring product quality. Full article
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20 pages, 4858 KB  
Article
Effect of Ultrasound on the Microbial Flora and Physicochemical Parameters of Yogurt Added to Native Mexican Plants
by Luis M. Carrillo-López, Ismael Ortíz-Aguirre, América Chávez-Martínez, Luis F. Salomé-Abarca, Lorena Luna-Rodríguez, Juan M. Vargas-Romero and Ramón M. Soto-Hernández
Gels 2025, 11(11), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11110907 - 13 Nov 2025
Viewed by 877
Abstract
There is a growing trend in food fortification to use natural products to improve quality during production and processing. We study the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU), applied at different processing times to fresh raw cow’s milk supplemented with dried plant material (DPM), [...] Read more.
There is a growing trend in food fortification to use natural products to improve quality during production and processing. We study the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU), applied at different processing times to fresh raw cow’s milk supplemented with dried plant material (DPM), on the gel fermentation kinetics and the physicochemical profile of yogurt during storage. The results showed a significant reduction in milk fermentation with the application of HIU after inoculation (INOC). The counts of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus increased with the use of HIU, producing a synergistic effect in the presence of DPM due to the phenolic acids and flavonoids present. Syneresis was reduced and the water holding capacity (WHC) significantly increased in gels obtained with milk to which DPM had been added and which was sonicated after INOC. This led to the formation of a denser and more homogeneous protein network that retained more serum during storage. The luminosity of gels produced with milk sonicated at 40 °C increased, improving their appearance. However, saturation was reduced, shifting the yellow color to a neutral hue. In gels produced with non-sonicated milk, the fat separated, forming a yellow upper layer. HIU applied after INOC in milk to which DPM had been added reduced the milk processing time, producing stable and better-quality yogurts during refrigerated storage. Full article
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17 pages, 1274 KB  
Article
Inulin-Stabilised Vegetable Oil Emulsions as Fat Replacers in Chicken Frankfurters: Technological and Textural Evaluation
by Tamara Stamenić, Sladjana Šobajić, Maja Petričević, Nikola Delić, Slobodan Dolašević, Slaviša Stajić and Nikola Stanišić
Gels 2025, 11(11), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11110863 - 28 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 973
Abstract
This study investigated the complete replacement of pork backfat in frankfurters with inulin-based emulsion gels made from linseed, walnut or algal oil and structured in two ratios (1:2:0.5 and 1:2:1, oil–water–inulin). Proximate composition, water holding capacity, emulsion stability and colour were assessed after [...] Read more.
This study investigated the complete replacement of pork backfat in frankfurters with inulin-based emulsion gels made from linseed, walnut or algal oil and structured in two ratios (1:2:0.5 and 1:2:1, oil–water–inulin). Proximate composition, water holding capacity, emulsion stability and colour were assessed after production, while texture profile analysis (TPA) was monitored during 45 days of vacuum storage. The reformulated sausages showed a significant reduction in fat content (from 21.91% to 3.81%, p < 0.001) and increased water and carbohydrate levels (p < 0.001). These shifts in composition resulted in a slightly lower pH, higher cooking and purge losses and lower emulsion stability (p < 0.001), particularly when treated with algal oil. Colour measurements revealed lighter (higher L*, p = 0.008) and more yellowish sausages (p < 0.001), with walnut oil at a 1:2:0.5 emulsion ratio showing the least deviation from the control (ΔE = 7.45). The TPA showed that oil type was the dominant factor. Walnut formulations, especially in the 1:2:1 ratio, had hardness and chewiness values closest to those of the control, while algal sausages were softer and less cohesive (p < 0.05). PCA and heatmap analyses confirmed clustering by oil type and storage time, underlining the technological suitability of the walnut gels. Overall, inulin–oil gels enable nutritional reformulation but pose a technological challenge, with walnut oil proving to be the most promising substitute and algal oil requiring additional stabilisation. Full article
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