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Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 January 2022) | Viewed by 16559

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Laura Tribioli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Niccolò Cusano, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Rome, RM, Italy
Interests: energy; automotive; hybrid electric; vehicles; internal combustion engines; fuel cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Manfredi Villani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, 930 Kinnear Rd, Columbus, OH, USA
Interests: energy; transportation decarbonization; hybrid electric vehicles; fuel cells; control and optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since 2015, more than 40 different models of hybrid electric vehicles have been introduced in the European market. The extreme diversity of the proposed solutions suggests that these technologies are still immature and have a long way to run to compete with fossil fuels-based technologies. At the same time, some car manufacturers are already pushing towards other solutions, such as hydrogen-fueled fuel cell vehicles. As a matter of fact, though, sustainable mobility is not anymore related only to alternative powertrains or alternative fuels, but recently it has started dealing with the problem of traffic management in urban areas. The rapid urban population growth is stirring up concerns about traffic congestion, parking problems, and the well-known pollution issues. In this context, autonomous and connected capabilities are gaining an increasingly important role, as they will eventually enable increased energy efficiency, higher safety, and high integration with the urban infrastructure. In fact, with these capabilities vehicle usage can be optimized in terms of both traffic management, promoting the interaction with the “world” outside the vehicle, and powertrain management, e.g., velocity profile, power split, etc.

This Special Issue, therefore, seeks to contribute to the sustainable mobility agenda through enhanced scientific and multi-disciplinary knowledge to investigate concerns and real possibilities in the achievement of a greener mobility and to support the debate between industry and academic researchers, providing an interesting overview on new needs and investigation topics required for future developments.

We therefore invite papers on innovative technical developments, reviews, case studies, and analytical as well as assessment papers from different disciplines, which are relevant to sustainable mobility.

Prof. Dr. Laura Tribioli
Dr. Manfredi Villani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Control-oriented powertrain and vehicle modeling
  • Multiple on-board power sources
  • Hybrid energy storage systems
  • Alternative powertrains
  • Connectivity and autonomous capabilities integrated into the energy management strategy
  • Urban mobility and electric L-class vehicles

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 169 KiB  
Editorial
Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies
by Laura Tribioli and Manfredi Villani
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093095 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1035
Abstract
The Special Issue “Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies” has been proposed with the main objective of contributing to the sustainable mobility agenda through enhanced scientific and multi-disciplinary topics, aimed at addressing concerns and real possibilities [...] Read more.
The Special Issue “Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies” has been proposed with the main objective of contributing to the sustainable mobility agenda through enhanced scientific and multi-disciplinary topics, aimed at addressing concerns and real possibilities in the achievement of a greener mobility [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies)

Research

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23 pages, 3215 KiB  
Article
A Methodology for the Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Electric and All-Electric Power Systems for Urban Air Mobility
by Teresa Donateo and Antonio Ficarella
Energies 2022, 15(2), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020638 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2002
Abstract
The present investigation addresses the topic of Urban Air Mobility with particular reference to the air-taxi service with electrified power systems. A new and detailed methodology is proposed for the simplified design and energy analysis of conventional, hybrid-electric, and full-electric power systems for [...] Read more.
The present investigation addresses the topic of Urban Air Mobility with particular reference to the air-taxi service with electrified power systems. A new and detailed methodology is proposed for the simplified design and energy analysis of conventional, hybrid-electric, and full-electric power systems for this application. The original contributions to the scientific literature on UAM are the detailed modeling approach, the evaluation of CO2 emissions with a Well-to-Wing approach as a function of the electricity Emission Intensity factor, and the comparison with road vehicles performing the same route in different driving conditions. The comparison demonstrates the advantages of a full electric air-taxi with today’s technology versus a hybrid-electric road taxi, especially in cases involving low emission intensity and unfavorable driving conditions (congested traffic, aggressive driving style, and high circuity factor values). In the case of 2035 technology, the comparison with a referenced fully electric road vehicle is detrimental to the air taxi but the values of Well-to-Wheel/Wing CO2 with the expected Emission Intensity of 90 g/kWe for the European Union are still quite low (67 g/km). The investigation also quantifies the negative effect of battery aging on the consumption of the air taxi and on the number of consecutive flights that can be performed without fully charging the battery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies)
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18 pages, 5954 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Driving Cycles of EVs for Reducing Energy Consumption
by Iwona Komorska, Andrzej Puchalski, Andrzej Niewczas, Marcin Ślęzak and Tomasz Szczepański
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2592; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092592 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
A driving cycle is a time series of a vehicle’s speed, reflecting its movement in real road conditions. In addition to certification and comparative research, driving cycles are used in the virtual design of drive systems and embedded control algorithms, traffic management and [...] Read more.
A driving cycle is a time series of a vehicle’s speed, reflecting its movement in real road conditions. In addition to certification and comparative research, driving cycles are used in the virtual design of drive systems and embedded control algorithms, traffic management and intelligent road transport (traffic engineering). This study aimed to develop an adaptive driving cycle for a known route to optimize the energy consumption of an electric vehicle and improve the driving range. A novel distance-based adaptive driving cycle method was developed. The proposed algorithm uses the segmentation and iterative synthesis procedures of Markov chains. Energy consumption during driving is monitored on an ongoing basis using Gaussian process regression, and speed and acceleration are corrected adaptively to maintain the planned energy consumption. This paper presents the results of studies of simulated driving cycles and the performance of the algorithm when applied to the real recorded driving cycles of an electric vehicle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies)
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22 pages, 11355 KiB  
Article
Cooling System Energy Consumption Reduction through a Novel All-Electric Powertrain Traction Module and Control Optimization
by Simone Lombardi, Manfredi Villani, Daniele Chiappini and Laura Tribioli
Energies 2021, 14(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010033 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2132
Abstract
In this work, the problem of reducing the energy consumption of the cooling circuit for the propulsion system of an all-electric vehicle is approached with two different concepts: improvement of the powertrain efficiency and optimization of the control strategy. Improvement of the powertrain [...] Read more.
In this work, the problem of reducing the energy consumption of the cooling circuit for the propulsion system of an all-electric vehicle is approached with two different concepts: improvement of the powertrain efficiency and optimization of the control strategy. Improvement of the powertrain efficiency is obtained through a modular design, which consists of replacing the electric powertrain with several smaller traction modules whose powers sum up to the total power of the original powertrain. In this paper, it is shown how modularity, among other benefits, also allows reducing the energy consumption of the cooling system up to 54%. The energy consumption of the cooling system is associated with two components: the pump and the fan. They produce a so-called auxiliary load on the battery, reducing the maximum range of the vehicle. In conventional cooling systems, the pump and the fan are controlled with a thermostat, without taking into account the energy consumption. Conversely, in this work a control strategy to reduce the auxiliary loads is developed and compared with the conventional approach, showing that the energy consumption of the cooling system can be reduced up to 27%. To test the control strategy, numerical simulations have been carried out with a 1-D model of the cooling system. On the other hand, all the thermal loads of the components have been calculated with a vehicle simulator, which is able to predict the vehicle’s behavior under different driving cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies)
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20 pages, 6105 KiB  
Article
Digging Trajectory Optimization for Cable Shovel Robotic Excavation Based on a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
by Qiushi Bi, Guoqiang Wang, Yongpeng Wang, Zongwei Yao and Robert Hall
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3118; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123118 - 16 Jun 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3105
Abstract
As one of the most essential earth-moving equipment, cable shovels significantly influence the efficiency and economy in the open-pit mining industry. The optimal digging trajectory planning for each cycle is the base for achieving effective and energy-saving operation, especially for robotic excavation, in [...] Read more.
As one of the most essential earth-moving equipment, cable shovels significantly influence the efficiency and economy in the open-pit mining industry. The optimal digging trajectory planning for each cycle is the base for achieving effective and energy-saving operation, especially for robotic excavation, in which case, the digging trajectory can be precisely tracked. In this paper, to serve the vision of cable shovel automation, a two-phase multi-objective genetic algorithm was established for optimal digging trajectory planning. To be more specific, the optimization took digging time and energy consumption per payload as objects with the constraints of the limitations of the driving system and geometrical conditions. The WK-55-type cable shovel was applied for the validation of the effectiveness of the multi-objective optimization method for digging trajectories. The digging performance of the WK-55 cable shovel was tested in the Anjialing mining site to establish the constraints. Besides, the digging parameters of the material were selected based on the tested data to make the optimization in line with the condition of the real digging operations. The optimization results for different digging conditions indicate that the digging time decreased from an average of 20   s to 10   s after the first phase optimization, and the energy consumption per payload reduced by 13.28% after the second phase optimization, which validated the effectiveness and adaptivity of the optimization algorithm established in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies)
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Review

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30 pages, 6440 KiB  
Review
Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends
by Daniele Beltrami, Paolo Iora, Laura Tribioli and Stefano Uberti
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5565; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175565 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5324
Abstract
Electrified vehicles have undergone great evolution during the last decade because of the increasing attention paid on environmental sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Emission regulations are becoming increasingly tight, and governments have been allocating multiple funds to facilitate the spreading of [...] Read more.
Electrified vehicles have undergone great evolution during the last decade because of the increasing attention paid on environmental sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Emission regulations are becoming increasingly tight, and governments have been allocating multiple funds to facilitate the spreading of the so-called green mobility. In this context, steering towards electrified solutions not only for passenger vehicles, but also for compact off-highway vehicles extensively employed, for instance, on construction sites located in urban areas, warehouses, and greenhouses, is essential even if seldom considered. Moreover, the electrification of compact off-highway machinery may allow manufacturers to increase their expertise in and lower the costs of these alternative solutions, while gathering useful data to be applied in bigger and more remunerative off-highway vehicles. In fact, while electric automobiles are as of now real alternatives for buyers, off-highway vehicles, regardless of the application, are mostly in the research and experimental phase, with few of them already on the market. This delay, in comparison with the passenger automotive industry, is caused by different factors, mostly related to the different tasks of off-highway vehicles in terms of duty cycles, productivity performance parameters and user acceptability. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the many aspects of the electrification of compact off-highway vehicles, to highlight the key differences between on-highway and off-highway vehicles and to summarize in a single source of information the multiple solutions investigated by researchers and manufacturers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Powertrains for a Sustainable Mobility: Topologies, Design and Integrated Energy Management Strategies)
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