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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "C: Energy Economics and Policy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2026) | Viewed by 13762

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Joanna Duda

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Faculty of Management, AGH University of Krakow, Gramatyka 10, 30-067 Krakow, Poland
Interests: circular economy; circular business models and strategies in environmental management; entrepreneurial development in the water and wastewater sector; education to support the implementation of circular economy principles; transformation towards a sustainable economy; innovative entrepreneurship; SMEs

Dr. Małgorzata Okręglicka

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Faculty of Management, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
Interests: energy transformation; sustainable development; sustainability; sustainable consumption and production
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Dr. Marcin Suder

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Faculty of Management, AGH University of Krakow, Gramatyka 10, 30-067 Krakow, Poland
Interests: renewable energy promotion; through innovation networks; photovoltaic market development and national energy strategies; energy transition in small and medium-sized enterprises; regional diversification of renewable enrgy support instruments; digital transformation in energy-related sectors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, “From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future”, explores the multifaceted transformation toward a sustainable energy future, focusing on the interplay between consumer behavior, technological advances, and business innovation. As societies face an urgent need to reduce emissions and modernize energy systems, understanding how individuals, organizations, and policymakers respond to these challenges is essential.

We welcome articles that examine the drivers and consequences of energy-related decisions at individual, organizational, national, and global levels. Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following: behavioral responses to sustainability messages and digital interventions; the adoption of low-carbon technologies such as photovoltaics, energy storage, and sustainable transportation; generational and cultural differences in energy preferences; and the acceptance of renewable energy.

On the business and policy side, the issue invites contributions on AI-based energy forecasting, comparative investment assessments of renewable and fossil fuels, innovative business models, and strategic management of emerging energy technologies. We also encourage broader coverage of topics such as climate risk, the circular economy, regional variability, and data-driven decision-making. Original research articles, case studies, methodological contributions, and interdisciplinary work that combine behavioral science, economics, engineering, and policy are welcome.

Dr. Joanna Duda
Dr. Małgorzata Okręglicka
Dr. Marcin Suder
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

sustainable energy
energy system
fossil fuel
energy policy
energy consumption behaviors
energy economics
renewable energy adoption
energy decision-making
energy forecasting
smart energy solutions
circular economy in energy
energy market transformation

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 368 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Perceived Consumer Expectations on Energy Transition Strategies of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

by Mateusz Codogni, Tomasz Bernat, Anna Lemańska-Majdzik, Renata Lisowska and Katarzyna Szymańska

Energies 2026, 19(6), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061553 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 577

Abstract

The energy transition of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is an important element in achieving climate and energy goals, but its pace and scope remain varied. Previous studies have focused mainly on regulatory pressure, energy costs and financial barriers, while the importance of market factors has been analysed relatively rarely. The aim of this article is to assess consumer expectations perceived by enterprises as a factor that influences SMEs’ energy transition strategies. While the approach demonstrated by previous authors concentrated mostly on energy transition as a policy issue or an adjustment to legal changes, the originality and contribution of this paper lies in approaching this problem as one of a strategic adjustment to customers’ changing expectations. The study is based on a CATI survey of 417 Polish SMEs, predominantly micro- and small enterprises. The study covers the perception of customer expectations regarding energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources (RES) and environmental communication tools. Relationships were identified between perceived market signals and the energy-related actions of enterprises. The results indicate that SMEs perceive consumer expectations primarily as specific and quantifiable energy measures, such as reducing energy consumption and implementing renewable energy sources, while attaching less importance to formal reporting and certification tools. The energy transition is selective and incremental, focusing on solutions with low barriers to entry and short payback periods. From an energy policy perspective, the results suggest a need to design support instruments that are better aligned with how SMEs interpret market expectations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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19 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clean but Risky: The Role of Value Conflict in Consumer Adoption of Hydrogen Mobility

by Nikolett Gyurián Nagy

Energies 2026, 19(5), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051268 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 417

Abstract

The adoption of sustainable technologies is strongly influenced by psychological and social factors, particularly for emerging solutions such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). These technologies embody the promise of environmental responsibility while simultaneously raising safety concerns. This study examines how value conflict—the internal tension between environmental attitudes and technological risk perception—influences the intention to adopt HFCVs. Data were collected through an online survey (N = 1330) using snowball sampling. Three attitudinal dimensions were examined—environmental commitment, technological risk perception, and adoption intention. Environmental commitment and risk perception represent the two underlying evaluative orientations whose discrepancy may generate internal value conflict. Based on these dimensions, a novel composite index, the Value Conflict Index (VCI), was constructed to capture the extent of this internal tension and its effect on adoption intention. Regression analyses show that both environmental attitudes and lower perceived risks are significant positive predictors of adoption intention. At the same time, VCI exerts an independent negative effect, confirming that internal dissonance reduces willingness to adopt. Women reported more substantial environmental commitment and higher perceived risks, leading to higher VCI values; however, moderation analysis indicates that gender does not change the behavioral impact of value conflict. These findings suggest that value conflict represents a general psychological barrier to the acceptance of sustainable technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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27 pages, 1677 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Leaders: The Catalyst for Strategic Energy Management

by Kalie Miera, Indraneel Bhandari, Subodh Chaudhari, Senthil Sundaramoorthy and Thomas Wenning

Energies 2026, 19(3), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030618 - 25 Jan 2026

Viewed by 851

Abstract

This study investigates the crucial role energy leaders play in driving strategic energy management (SEM) and accelerating cost savings within a manufacturing organization and consequently, the industrial sector. Whereas energy efficiency can be seen as an innovative business practice with irrefutable cost benefits, its effective implementation requires strategic leadership and a structured approach. This research analyzes data collected from 120 participants representing 71 companies attending the Energy Bootcamp events organized by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Better Plants program. The collected data focused on the state of SEM implementation, the presence and responsibilities of energy leaders, and the formation and function of energy teams. The findings reveal a significant gap between the perceived importance of SEM and its actual adoption, highlighting the need for strong leadership to drive behavioral changes by championing energy efficiency initiatives. Results indicate that effective energy leaders possess a diverse skill set, including the ability to secure top management buy-in, foster a culture of energy consciousness, and collaborate across departments. This study emphasizes the importance of empowering energy leaders with clearly defined roles and responsibilities as well as the authority to build and lead cross-functional energy teams. Furthermore, integrating energy management into existing organizational structures and leveraging readily available resources are identified as key factors for successful implementation. This research underscores how dedicated leadership and effective SEM practices help achieve industrial energy efficiency goals, providing practical insights for organizations seeking to improve performance and contribute to a resilient future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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19 pages, 1248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Between Habit and Investment: Managing Residential Energy Saving Strategies in Polish Households

by Agnieszka Peszko, Agnieszka Parkitna, Paulina Ucieklak-Jeż and Kamila Urbańska

Energies 2026, 19(1), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010191 - 30 Dec 2025

Viewed by 578

Abstract

Escalating energy prices have positioned households as pivotal agents in advancing demand-side energy efficiency. This study examines three complementary energy-saving strategies among Polish households: (1) habitual, low-cost actions such as switching off unnecessary lighting; (2) capital-intensive investments, including LED lighting and energy-efficient appliances; and (3) time-based and prosumptive strategies linked to dynamic tariffs and photovoltaic systems. The empirical analysis is based on a nationwide survey conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing method, involving 401 respondents. The study’s contribution lies in integrating these strategies within a single analytical model and providing the first empirical evidence on their socio-demographic determinants in Central and Eastern Europe, with Poland as a representative case. The results show that older individuals more often adopt everyday habitual practices, whereas higher income and education levels are associated with investment-oriented behaviours. Urban households tend to favour technological solutions, while rural households more frequently adopt time-of-use tariffs and PV systems. Two complementary pathways are identified: a behavioural–habitual path and an investment–technological path. The findings offer guidance for public policy by showing that energy savings increase when financial incentives are combined with clear communication and low-effort decision tools that help households optimise energy use regardless of demographic profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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27 pages, 540 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polarization and Segmentation of Public Attitudes Toward Renewable Energy: A Cluster Analysis of Polish Consumers

by Marcin Suder, Małgorzata Okręglicka, Joanna Duda, Karolina Jakóbik, Zuzanna Piwowarczyk and Jarosław Korpysa

Energies 2025, 18(24), 6581; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246581 - 16 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 663

Abstract

Public attitudes toward renewable energy sources (RES) have been widely studied at the household level. However, less is known about how citizens differ in their broader perceptions, knowledge, and behavioral orientations toward renewable energy. This study explores such heterogeneity within Polish society using survey data from a representative sample of 974 respondents. An exploratory factor analysis identified six dimensions of renewable energy attitudes: environmental concern, knowledge and awareness, social and economic support, perceived ease of use, perceived benefits, and behavioral intentions. Using these attitudinal dimensions, cluster analysis revealed two distinct consumer segments that differ in their overall level of engagement with renewable energy. The first cluster comprises pro-green and engaged individuals who express strong concern for environmental issues, have a greater awareness of the benefits of renewable energy, and are more ready to adopt such technologies. The second cluster represents respondents who are less engaged or skeptical, with weaker environmental and behavioral commitment. The comparison of sociodemographic characteristics across clusters showed no statistically significant differences in gender, age, education, or place of residence, and only a marginal effect for income. The findings suggest that support for renewable energy in Poland is not driven by demographics but somewhat shaped by cognitive and value-based factors, offering valuable insights for policymakers and communication strategists promoting the energy transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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23 pages, 3162 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pellet Supply Chain Management: Analysis of Changes

by Marcin Olkiewicz, Marek Dudek, Joanna Alicja Dyczkowska, Katarzyna Łyp-Wrońska and Branislav Šarkan

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6329; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236329 - 1 Dec 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 867

Abstract

This article aims to identify changes in the components of pellet supply chain management (SCM). The following research question is explored: To what extent are pellet supply chains changing? A research gap was identified in the use of pellets for energy and the analysis of safe management of logistics processes in the pellet supply chain (PSC). The study uses theoretical and empirical research methods: literature analysis and statistical methods covering the years 2017–2023 and scientific observation to obtain information about the facts, phenomena, and components of safe management of logistics processes in the PSC. The results of the study suggest that supply chains play a role as one of the main drivers of energy transition, and the PSC may be one of them. A modified PSC can contribute to more environmentally friendly procurement, leaner logistics, and tighter scheduling, reducing waste and emissions in existing energy systems without immediately changing the electricity/fuel mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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23 pages, 1752 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economics of Renewables Versus Fossil Fuels 2022–2036: Case Study of an Individual House Applying Investment Project Evaluation Methods

by Robert Uberman and Wojciech Naworyta

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6282; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236282 - 29 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 933

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive economic comparison between renewable and fossil-fuel-based heating systems for a newly constructed residential building in Kraków, Poland, over the period 2022–2030. The analysis introduces the concept of Corrected Final Energy Consumption (CFEC) as a harmonized measure for comparing various energy sources and applies the Present Value of Total Lifecycle Cost (PVTLC) as an appropriate financial metric for non-commercial residential investments. Four heating options were examined: district heating system (DHS), gas boiler, air-to-water heat pump, and heat pump combined with photovoltaic (PV) panels. Based on real tariffs and standardized data from the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC), the DHS option demonstrated the lowest lifecycle cost, while the air-to-water heat pump—despite environmental advantages—proved the most expensive without substantial subsidies. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the strong influence of investment subsidies and fuel price fluctuations on the competitiveness of alternative systems. The findings highlight the methodological shortcomings of conventional annual-cost approaches and propose PVTLC as a more reliable decision-making tool for residential energy planning. The study also discusses regulatory, climatic, and behavioral factors affecting investment outcomes and emphasizes the need to integrate financial, environmental, and social criteria when evaluating household-level energy solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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13 pages, 603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Solutions of Economic Lot Scheduling Problem with Energy and Power Costs

by Waldemar Kaczmarczyk

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6234; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236234 - 27 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 543

Abstract

This paper proposes a new planning method for a cyclic production of many different products with steady demand and variable production rates, which minimises energy consumption while reducing and equalising power demand. The problem is modelled as the Economic Lot Scheduling Problem (elsp), with a common production cycle for all products. This paper shows that the problem can be optimally solved by a general-purpose mathematical programming solver in a short time by reformulating the general non-linear model into a Mixed-Integer Quadratically Constrained Programming (miqcp) model. This way, there is no need to develop a specialised algorithm, which requires a high level of expertise and is very labour-intensive. The proposed approach is also the only method that allows finding optimal solutions for the general case of the common-cycle elsp with variable production rates. For a problem instance known from the literature, the optimal solution ensured a reduction in the power demand cost by 10.7%, and in the total cost by 3.3%. Moreover, experiments proved that production rate lower bounds are critical for the choice of solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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20 pages, 1087 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Efficiency in the Circular Economy Using the Levelized Cost of Waste: A Case Study of Textile Waste Pyrolysis

by Marcelina Bury, Jerzy Feliks and Radosław Kapłan

Energies 2025, 18(21), 5615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215615 - 25 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1321

Abstract

The growing importance of environmental technologies in a circular economy requires the use of tools that allow a realistic assessment of their economic efficiency. Classical investment indicators, such as NPV or IRR, are proving inadequate in the case of installations whose main objective is not to maximise profit but to reduce waste and emissions. There is a lack of tools in the literature that would allow for an unambiguous assessment of the unit cost of waste treatment, taking into account the life cycle of the installation and market conditions. This study aims to assess the feasibility of using the Levelised Cost of Waste (LCOW) indicator, modelled on the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) from the energy sector, as a planning and decision-making tool in the waste management sector. In this study, an LCOW calculation model was developed and applied to analyse textile waste pyrolysis technology. Simulations were conducted for three plant scales (1000, 5000, and 10,000 Mg/year), and a sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the LCOW and by-product prices, energy costs, capital expenditures, and CO₂ emissions. The results confirm that the LCOW is a helpful tool for determining tariffs, identifying subsidy thresholds and comparing technology options. Its application is particularly well suited to small-scale environmental investments where classical approaches fail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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36 pages, 4952 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Profitability of Heating a Retrofitted Building with an Air Heat Pump in Polish Climatic Conditions

by Aleksander Iwaszczuk, Jarosław Baran and Natalia Iwaszczuk

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5413; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205413 - 14 Oct 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3282

Abstract

The transformation of energy systems towards low emission is one of the key assumptions of the climate and energy policy of the European Union and many countries around the world. These changes include not only the power and transport sectors but also the heating of residential buildings, which consume significant amounts of energy and emit large amounts of greenhouse gases. This article presents a detailed comparative analysis of the costs of heating using an air-to-water heat pump and a condensing gas boiler. The study concerned a retrofitted single-family building from the 1990s, located in southern Poland. The calculations were made taking into account daily meteorological data for two full heating seasons: 2022/2023 and 2023/2024. This approach made it possible to more precisely reproduce real operating conditions. The study was conducted for various configurations of the central heating system: surface and radiator. The following parameters were also taken into account: (1) variable heat pump parameters, such as supply temperature LWT and coefficient of performance COP; (2) current tariffs for electricity and natural gas; and (3) forecasted tariffs for electricity and natural gas in the conditions of market liberalization and phasing out of protective mechanisms. A comparison of the two heating seasons revealed lower costs with a heat pump. In some cases, the cost of heat generated by a gas boiler was over 100% higher than with a heat pump. This applies to both heating seasons. Under the current tariffs, the calculated gas cost for the first season was PLN 6856 (EUR 1605) (1 EUR = 4.27 PLN) compared to heat pump heating costs ranging from PLN 3191 to PLN 4576 (EUR 747 to 1072). For future gas and electricity tariffs, the costs were PLN 8227 (EUR 1926) for gas and PLN 3841 to PLN 5304 (EUR 899 to 1242) for a heat pump. Similarly, for the second heating season, these values were PLN 6055 (EUR 1418) for gas heating and PLN 2741–3917 (EUR 642–917) for a heat pump under the current tariffs, and PLN 7267 (EUR 1702) and PLN 3307–4540 (EUR 774–1064) under future tariffs. This means percentage savings of between approximately 33% and 55%, depending on the heating type and tariff. Therefore, the obtained results indicate the higher profitability of using an air heat pump compared to a gas boiler. This advantage was maintained in all the discussed scenarios, and its scale depended on the type of installation, supply temperature, and the selected electricity tariff. The highest economic profitability was noted for low-temperature systems. These results can provide a basis for making rational investment and design decisions in the context of the energy transformation of single-family housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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30 pages, 2308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting Installation Demand Using Machine Learning: Evidence from a Large PV Installer in Poland

by Anna Zielińska and Rafał Jankowski

Energies 2025, 18(18), 4998; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184998 - 19 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1219

Abstract

The dynamic growth of the photovoltaic (PV) market in Poland, driven by declining technology costs, government support programs, and the decentralization of energy generation, has created a strong demand for accurate short-term forecasts to support sales planning, logistics, and resource management. This study investigates the application of long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks to forecast two key market indicators: the monthly number of completed PV installations and their average unit capacity. The analysis is based on proprietary two-year data from one of the largest PV companies in Poland, covering both sales and completed installations. The dataset was preprocessed through cleaning, filtering, and aggregation into a consistent monthly time series. Results demonstrate that the LSTM model effectively captured seasonality and temporal dependencies in the PV market, outperforming multilayer perceptron (MLP) models in forecasting installation counts and providing robust predictions for average capacity. These findings confirm the potential of LSTM-based forecasting as a valuable decision-support tool for enterprises and policymakers, enabling improved market strategy, optimized resource allocation, and more effective design of support mechanisms in the renewable energy sector. The originality of this study lies in the use of a unique, proprietary dataset of over 12,000 completed PV micro-installations, rarely available in the literature, and in its direct focus on market demand forecasting rather than energy production. This perspective highlights the practical value of the model for companies in sales planning, logistics, and resource allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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23 pages, 1796 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Management Controlling in the Energy and Heating Sector: Diagnosis of Implementation Level and Identification of Development Barriers in the Context of Other Economic Sectors

by Marta Kołodziej-Hajdo, Artur Machno, Janusz Nesterak and Michał Kowalski

Energies 2025, 18(17), 4458; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174458 - 22 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1462

Abstract

The article examines the application of controlling in energy and heating (E&H) companies, with particular emphasis on diagnosing the extent to which reporting and management controlling are implemented, as well as identifying barriers that limit the development of their managerial functions. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which management controlling is applied in the managerial practice of the E&H sector and how its use differs from practices observed in other sectors of the economy. The research employed a mixed methods approach, including a literature review, a case study of controlling implementation in a selected energy company, and a quantitative analysis based on the Managerial Controlling Index (MCI). The central research question addressed the impact of legal, market, and organisational conditions on the scope of controlling in the E&H sector. The findings indicate that E&H companies record lower MCI scores than companies in other industries, regardless of their size, age, or business profile. The article concludes with a set of managerial recommendations outlining directions for the development of management controlling as a tool for supporting decision-making and enhancing integration with the overall management system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Consumer Behavior to Business Innovation: Paths to a Sustainable Energy Future)

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