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Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management
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Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J1: Heat and Mass Transfer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2026 | Viewed by 6891

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hongting Ma

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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Interests: audit and saving evaluation method of energy; strengthening mechanism and technology of heat and mass transfer; recovery and cascade utilization of industrial waste heat
Dr. Shuo Ma

E-Mail
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300192, China
Interests: research on the strengthening mechanism and technology of heat and mass; thermal management of high-power equipment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In modern waste management, pyrolysis technology has emerged as a pivotal approach for recycling waste tires, addressing both environmental sustainability and resource recovery challenges. This study focuses on improving heat transfer efficiency and pyrolysis oil yield in a horizontal rotary furnace by systematically investigating the effects of tire particle size, rotary furnace rotation speed, enhanced heat transfer materials, and spiral fin installation on thermal performance and product distribution.

Through experimental analysis, powdered waste tire particles (fine particle size) demonstrated superior heating uniformity during pyrolysis, leading to a notable increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient and the proportion of liquid products. Mechanical agitation via rotational speed was critical: when the speed exceeded 2 rpm, sufficient contact between materials and the furnace wall enhanced heat transfer, with optimal performance observed at 3 rpm. Introducing heat transfer enhancement materials—specifically carborundum and white alundum—significantly improved thermal interaction between the furnace and materials. The highest overall heat transfer coefficient of 16.89 W/(m2·K) and a pyrolysis oil yield of 46.1% were achieved under the combined conditions of 3 rpm, carborundum addition, and powdered particle feedstock.

Structural modifications via spiral fin installation further boosted the comprehensive heat transfer coefficient from 12.78 W/(m2·K) to 16.32 W/(m2·K), highlighting the synergistic effects of mechanical design and material selection. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing rotary furnace operations in waste tire pyrolysis, balancing energy efficiency and product quality for industrial-scale applications.

Prof. Dr. Hongting Ma
Dr. Shuo Ma
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • waste tires
  • pyrolysis oil
  • horizontal rotary furnace
  • heat transfer coefficient

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 3971 KB  
Article
A Study on the Thermal Management Performance of Server-Oriented Memory Liquid Cooling Solutions
by Yanling Chen, Zhongyun Tian, Mingzhi Kong, Lei Sun, Lizhi Zhou, Wujun Wang and Mengyao Liu
Energies 2026, 19(9), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092150 - 29 Apr 2026
Viewed by 392
Abstract
The rapid increase in memory power density has made memory thermal management a critical challenge in high-density servers, where extremely limited DIMM spacing significantly reduces the effectiveness of air cooling. Compared with CPUs and GPUs, memory-level liquid cooling has received less systematic study, [...] Read more.
The rapid increase in memory power density has made memory thermal management a critical challenge in high-density servers, where extremely limited DIMM spacing significantly reduces the effectiveness of air cooling. Compared with CPUs and GPUs, memory-level liquid cooling has received less systematic study, particularly regarding the influence of cold plate structural design on thermal and hydraulic performance under realistic server conditions. In this paper, three engineering-feasible memory liquid cooling solutions (water-flowing cold plate, clamp-type cold plate and heat-pipe-based cold plate) are experimentally compared on a high-density server system. Experiments are conducted at coolant inlet temperatures of 37–50 °C with a fixed flow rate of 0.8–1.5 L/min. Memory, CPU, and voltage regulator temperatures, as well as system pressure drop, are measured. Results show that memory temperature increases with coolant inlet temperature for all configurations, while their relative performance remains unchanged. Memory temperatures range from 62.04 to 71.13 °C, 57.65 to 66.98 °C, and 66.22 to 76.07 °C, with corresponding pressure drops of 24.19–26.69 kPa, 32.73–35.98 kPa, and 27.00–29.96 kPa. These results provide insight into the role of coolant distribution and flow-path topology in memory thermal performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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27 pages, 6306 KB  
Article
Dynamic Thermal Resistance-Capacity Modeling and Thermal Short-Circuit Analysis: A Study on Natural Convection in a Direct-Expansion CO2 Downhole Heat Exchanger
by Yang Yu, Jing Wang, Xinyue Li, Jinyu Zhao, Shuman Wang, Fei Ma, Jun Zhao and Yang Li
Energies 2026, 19(9), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092015 - 22 Apr 2026
Viewed by 412
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of thermal accumulation and low efficiency in conventional ground heat exchangers for building heating and cooling applications. A novel direct-expansion CO2 borehole heat exchanger (BHE) backfilled with well water is proposed to enhance heat transfer and mitigate [...] Read more.
This study addresses the challenge of thermal accumulation and low efficiency in conventional ground heat exchangers for building heating and cooling applications. A novel direct-expansion CO2 borehole heat exchanger (BHE) backfilled with well water is proposed to enhance heat transfer and mitigate soil thermal imbalance. A dynamic thermal resistance-capacity model (TRCM) coupling CO2 phase change with natural convection in well water is developed and validated against full-scale field experiments (135 m depth), with prediction errors below 5% under cooling conditions (MAPE 2.29%, RMSE 2.49%). Quantitative analysis reveals that natural convection in well water enhances overall heat transfer by 14.9% compared to soil-backfilled systems, despite intensifying thermal short-circuiting. Two practical enhancement strategies for building energy efficiency are proposed: (1) adding insulation to the rising pipe, which increases the heat transfer rate by up to 35.1%; and (2) implementing artificial well-water circulation, which achieves up to 50.5% enhancement, with an equivalent coefficient of performance (COP) reaching 52.5 under intermittent operation. The proposed system and the parametric analysis of these strategies offer effective solutions for improving the energy performance of ground-source heat pumps in buildings, contributing to reduced operational energy consumption and enhanced system reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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24 pages, 23804 KB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer Process and Mechanisms for High-Temperature Air Flowing Across Staggered Lined Fine Tubes
by Qinyi Zhang, Yi Feng, Chunxiao Zhu, Jiaxin Zheng, Xin Xu, Min Du, Zhengyu Mo and Licheng Sun
Energies 2026, 19(3), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030796 - 3 Feb 2026
Viewed by 410
Abstract
This study investigates the flow and heat transfer mechanisms of high-temperature air flowing across staggered lined fine tubes in a SABRE-type precooler. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) was employed to model three-dimensional unsteady flow under constant-property and variable-property air models at inlet temperatures of 400–800 [...] Read more.
This study investigates the flow and heat transfer mechanisms of high-temperature air flowing across staggered lined fine tubes in a SABRE-type precooler. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) was employed to model three-dimensional unsteady flow under constant-property and variable-property air models at inlet temperatures of 400–800 K. The results show that increasing temperature substantially enhances vorticity, turbulent kinetic energy, heat flux, and Nusselt number, while flow separation and pressure drop are intensified. However, when temperature-dependent air properties are incorporated, the wake width increases and the separated shear layers become thicker, while the turbulence/unsteadiness intensity decreases. Consequently, the near-wall shear is reduced and the heat transfer coefficients are lower. Compared with variable-property predictions, constant-property models overestimate the average Nusselt number by 20–40% and the local pressure drop by 40–65%, and they underestimate the air-side temperature drop along the tube rows. These findings demonstrate that real-gas effects significantly alter both aerodynamic resistance and thermal performance. Overall, accurate representation of temperature-dependent air properties is essential for the reliable design, evaluation, and optimization of micro-tube precoolers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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16 pages, 3259 KB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Bismuth Telluride-Based Thermoelectric Device Performance in Lunar Extreme Cold Environments
by Xin Xu, Jiaxin Zheng, Licheng Sun, Xiting Long, Tianyi Gao, Biao Li, Qinyi Zhang, Cunbao Li, Jun Wang, Zhengyu Mo, Min Du and Heping Xie
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5224; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195224 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1195
Abstract
As lunar exploration missions advance, the need for safe and sustainable in situ energy systems has become increasingly critical. This study investigates the thermoelectric performance of Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric materials under the natural temperature variations on the lunar surface, aiming [...] Read more.
As lunar exploration missions advance, the need for safe and sustainable in situ energy systems has become increasingly critical. This study investigates the thermoelectric performance of Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric materials under the natural temperature variations on the lunar surface, aiming to illustrate the potential of thermoelectric generation technology in power supply for a crewed moon base. A numerical approach was employed to assess the energy conversion behavior and optimize the geometric design of a thermoelectric module couple consisting of a P-leg and N-leg. The results indicate that Bi2Te3-based modules exhibit promising functionality under cryogenic conditions, highlighting their potential as an in situ power source during the long lunar night. Furthermore, geometric optimization was shown to significantly enhance the overall thermoelectric performance. The present study illustrates that TEG technology offers a viable pathway toward reliable energy generation in extreme lunar environments, supporting future mission sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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15 pages, 4882 KB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Pool Boiling on Novel Microstructured Heated Surface
by Chen Xu, Yizhou Wang, Xinrong Zhang, Wenyi Li and Jieru Li
Energies 2025, 18(18), 4830; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184830 - 11 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1208
Abstract
Improving the pool boiling heat transfer by changing the properties of the heating surface has been experimentally studied by many researchers. In this paper, two novel microstructured surfaces with open channels were simulated and investigated. The two microstructured surfaces had different cavity positions [...] Read more.
Improving the pool boiling heat transfer by changing the properties of the heating surface has been experimentally studied by many researchers. In this paper, two novel microstructured surfaces with open channels were simulated and investigated. The two microstructured surfaces had different cavity positions and different groove widths of open channels. At the same time, a pool boiling experiment on the plain-heated surface was carried out to verify the reliability and accuracy of the CFD model. The results showed the relationship between the heat flux and wall superheat. Moreover, the bubble dynamic behaviors of different surfaces were obtained. It was found that both microstructured surfaces could enhance the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF). Enlarging the length of the groove gap can not only increase the heat transfer area, but also increase the bubble nucleation rate. However, constantly increasing the groove width will cause the horizontal coalescence of bubbles on the heating surface at low heat flux. When the negative effect of bubble coalescence is higher than the enhancement effect, the boiling heat transfer capacity of the heating surface will decrease unless the heat flux is high enough to delay bubble coalescence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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20 pages, 3039 KB  
Article
Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Tires During Pyrolysis in a Horizontal Rotary Furnace
by Hongting Ma, Yang Bai, Shuo Ma and Zhipeng Zhou
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4028; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154028 - 29 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1366
Abstract
Pyrolysis technology currently serves as a significant method for recycling and reducing waste tires. In this paper, in order to improve the heat transfer efficiency during the pyrolysis of waste tires in a horizontal rotary furnace and the yield of pyrolysis oil, the [...] Read more.
Pyrolysis technology currently serves as a significant method for recycling and reducing waste tires. In this paper, in order to improve the heat transfer efficiency during the pyrolysis of waste tires in a horizontal rotary furnace and the yield of pyrolysis oil, the effect laws of tire particle size, rotary furnace rotation speed, enhanced heat transfer materials, and adding spiral fins on heat transfer performance and pyrolysis product distribution were studied, respectively. The innovation lies in two aspects: first, aiming at the problems of slow heat transfer and low pyrolysis efficiency in horizontal rotary furnaces, we identified technical measures through experiments to enhance heat transfer, thereby accelerating pyrolysis and reducing energy consumption; second, with the goal of increasing high-value pyrolysis oil yield, we determined optimal operating parameters to improve economic and sustainability outcomes. The results showed that powdered particles of waste tires were heated more evenly during the pyrolysis process, which increased the overall heat transfer coefficient and the proportion of liquid products. When the rotational speed of the rotary pyrolysis furnace exceeded 2 rpm, there was sufficient contact between the material and the furnace wall, which was beneficial to the improvement of heat transfer performance. Adding heat transfer enhancement materials such as carborundum and white alundum could improve the heat transfer performance between the pyrolysis furnace and the material. Notably, a rotational speed of 3 rpm and carborundum were used as a heat transfer enhancement material with powdered waste tire particles during the pyrolysis process; the overall heat transfer coefficient was the highest, which was 16.89 W/(m2·K), and the proportion of pyrolysis oil products was 46.1%. When spiral fins were installed, the comprehensive heat transfer coefficient was increased from 12.78 W/(m2·K) to 16.32 W/(m2·K). The experimental results show that by increasing the speed of the pyrolysis furnace, adding heat transfer enhancing materials with high thermal conductivity to waste tires, and appropriate particle size, the heat transfer performance and pyrolysis rate can be improved, and energy consumption can be reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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Review

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29 pages, 13061 KB  
Review
Advances in the Aerothermal Performance Enhancement of Turbine Blade Tip Configurations
by Bin Wu, Lei Ren, Renyi Wen, Chenrui Yang and Daren Zheng
Energies 2025, 18(22), 5930; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225930 - 11 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1488
Abstract
A clearance necessarily exists between the blade tip and the casing in turbines. A leakage flow, formed by the accelerated gas through the tip clearance, is a major cause of turbine stage efficiency loss. Severe heat loads on the blade tip surface also [...] Read more.
A clearance necessarily exists between the blade tip and the casing in turbines. A leakage flow, formed by the accelerated gas through the tip clearance, is a major cause of turbine stage efficiency loss. Severe heat loads on the blade tip surface also result from a leakage flow, a primary cause of blade damage. Although the understanding of leakage flow mechanisms is mature after years of research, the continuous rise in turbine inlet temperature, pursuing higher engine thrust, requires more effective cooling methods for the blade tip region. This paper presents a review of research on three fundamental tip structures (flat tip, squealer tip, and winglet tip) to explain their design concepts, analyze their respective flow mechanisms as well as heat transfer characteristics, and introduce various modified designs. Various film cooling arrangements applied to these tip structures are examined to identify effective strategies that strengthen the advantages of structural optimization. In view of engineering applications, this paper reviews research on unsteady wake interactions as the aforementioned framework, hoping to provide readers a more comprehensive understanding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Performance and Influencing Factors of Waste Management)
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