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Challenges and Prospects of Grid Support in Grid-Forming Inverters

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F3: Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2025 | Viewed by 5066

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Power Electronics Department, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
Interests: modelling and control of power converters connected to the electric grid; solid-state transformer becoming a smart transformer; modular and multilevel power converters for hybrid and meshed grids; reliability of power converters and its improvement through control
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Guest Editor
Fraunhofer ISIT, Kiel University, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
Interests: modeling, stability and control in converter-dominated grids; control of battery energy storage systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The conventional paradigm of energy generation by means of large fossil fuel power plants transmitting power over long distances is mutating toward a distributed generation paradigm, with the integration of renewable energy sources and battery storage systems in the power grid. This radical mutation introduces high flexibility and sustainability in modern power grids; nevertheless, it also introduces new challenges for grid stability.
The concept of grid-forming converters emerged as a valuable solution for increasing the stability of low-inertia power grids with high penetration of power electronics. Grid-forming converters are controlled to exhibit a voltage source-like behavior, similarly to synchronous generators, and to rapidly support the grid voltage during faults by reactive current injection.

However, due to the voltage source-like behavior, grid-forming converters are subject to overcurrent during faults and loss of synchronism with the grid. Therefore, effective control strategies for grid-forming converters to properly support the power grid during large disturbances are highly requested.

The topics of interest for this Special Issue include the following:

  1. Transient stability of grid-forming converters: analysis and enhancement strategies;
  2. Current limitation strategies in grid-forming converters;
  3. Synchronization of grid-forming converters during grid faults and loss of synchronization problems;
  4. Modeling of grid-forming converters for stability analysis;
  5. Small-signal stability and control interactions in grid-forming converters;
  6. Interactions between grid-forming and grid-following converters;
  7. Inertia emulation in power converters.

Prof. Dr. Marco Liserre
Dr. Federico Cecati
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • grid forming
  • voltage support
  • transient stability
  • current limitation strategy
  • large-signal stability
  • small-signal stability
  • low voltage ride through
  • power synchronization
  • grid-connected converters
  • virtual inertia

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 7873 KiB  
Article
Robust Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Converter-Dominated Grids Using Grey-Box Modelling Approach
by Endalkachew Degarege Almawu, Federico Cecati and Marco Liserre
Energies 2025, 18(3), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030587 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1115
Abstract
In recent years, continuous efforts have been made for the modelling and stability analysis of converter-dominated grids. Ensuring stability in converter-dominated grids presents a unique challenge, primarily due to the manufacturers’ intellectual property (IP) protections. Determining the robust stability boundary of a grid [...] Read more.
In recent years, continuous efforts have been made for the modelling and stability analysis of converter-dominated grids. Ensuring stability in converter-dominated grids presents a unique challenge, primarily due to the manufacturers’ intellectual property (IP) protections. Determining the robust stability boundary of a grid incorporating converters from various manufacturers remains an area requiring extensive research. Recently, a grey-box modelling approach for studying interoperability has been proposed in the literature. However, the existing methodology is solely suitable for grid-following converters. This study bridges the gap by proposing a GFM converters model which aligns with the methodology for analysing the interoperability of GFL converters. The model is designed to represent a range of control system implementations across different manufacturers. Using robust control theory, this approach assesses the grid’s stability margin and sensitivity analysis of the control loops under various conditions considering a single GFM converter. The results are validated both analytically and through real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests to demonstrate the model accuracy in predicting robust stability margin and sensitivity of the control loops in GFM converter-dominated grids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Prospects of Grid Support in Grid-Forming Inverters)
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Review

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25 pages, 5125 KiB  
Review
Reviewing Control Paradigms and Emerging Trends of Grid-Forming Inverters—A Comparative Study
by Khaliqur Rahman, Jun Hashimoto, Dai Orihara, Taha Selim Ustun, Kenji Otani, Hiroshi Kikusato and Yasuhiro Kodama
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102400 - 16 May 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3092
Abstract
Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) have emerged as crucial components in modern power systems, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources and enhancing grid stability. The significance of GFMs lies in their ability to autonomously establish grid voltage and frequency, enabling grids to form and [...] Read more.
Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) have emerged as crucial components in modern power systems, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources and enhancing grid stability. The significance of GFMs lies in their ability to autonomously establish grid voltage and frequency, enabling grids to form and improve system flexibility. Discussing control methods for grid-forming inverters is paramount due to their crucial role in shaping grid dynamics and ensuring reliable power delivery. This paper explores the fundamental and advanced control methods employed by GFMs, explaining their operational principles and performance characteristics. Basic control methods typically involve droop control, voltage and frequency regulation, and power-balancing techniques to maintain grid stability under varying operating conditions. Advanced control strategies encompass predictive control, model predictive control (MPC), and adaptive control, which influence advanced algorithms and real-time data for enhanced system responsiveness and efficiency. A detailed analysis and performance comparison of different control methods for GFM is presented, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and suitability for diverse grid environments. Through comprehensive studies, this research interprets the ability of various control strategies to mitigate grid disturbances, optimize power flow, and enhance overall system stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Prospects of Grid Support in Grid-Forming Inverters)
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