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Energies
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Thermal Safety Design and Management of Batteries
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Thermal Safety Design and Management of Batteries

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 April 2024) | Viewed by 6317

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Weifeng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Interests: battery biomimetic materials; battery thermal runaway, eruption, combustion, and emissions; battery thermal runaway bionic prevention and control
Prof. Dr. Zhenhai Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Interests: automotive integration and bionics; smart batteries; battery safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yupeng Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: bioinspired multiscale sensing interfaces; gas sensors for intelligent batteries
Dr. Yang Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Automotive engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Interests: mechanical integrity of automotive power batteries; battery thermal runaway; proton exchange membrane fuel cell; aging estimation and life prediction
Dr. Yan Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Interests: battery and fuel cell thermal management design; battery thermal runaway; battery energy storage station thermal design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The vigorous development of electric vehicles and energy storage power stations is an effective solution to promote the effective use of renewable energy. Due to their many advantages, lithium-ion batteries have become one of the main energy carriers for electric vehicles and energy storage power stations. However, the safety issues of lithium-ion batteries have not been satisfactorily resolved. This undoubtedly seriously hinders the promotion of electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage power stations. Safety design is expected to fundamentally improve the safety of batteries and promote the discovery and development of new materials, new mechanisms, and new structures. On the other hand, safety management can ensure more rational use of existing batteries and improve the safety of battery systems. To this end, this Special Issue focuses on the frontiers of the fundamental science and key technologies for the thermal safety design and management of batteries, including mechanisms, modelling, characteristics, control, etc.

Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Safety design of battery materials
  • Battery safety additives
  • Thermal properties of battery materials
  • Thermal runaway: mechanisms, characteristics, warning, and control
  • Cell safety design
  • Pack and system safety design: structures, parts, and control
  • Thermal management system
  • Firefighting: extinguishing agents and strategies

Dr. Weifeng Li
Prof. Dr. Zhenhai Gao
Dr. Yupeng Chen
Dr. Yang Xiao
Dr. Yan Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2429 KiB  
Article
A Fitting Method to Characterize the Gaseous Venting Behavior of Lithium–Ion Batteries in a Sealed Chamber during Thermal Runaway
by Cheng Li, Hewu Wang, Chao Shi, Yan Wang, Yalun Li and Minggao Ouyang
Energies 2023, 16(23), 7874; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237874 - 01 Dec 2023
Viewed by 859
Abstract
The venting event of thermal runaway has attracted public attention due to safety issues aroused by frequent fire accidents of new energy vehicles. However, the quantitative description of venting behavior is incomplete for tests in a sealed chamber due to the initial violent [...] Read more.
The venting event of thermal runaway has attracted public attention due to safety issues aroused by frequent fire accidents of new energy vehicles. However, the quantitative description of venting behavior is incomplete for tests in a sealed chamber due to the initial violent injection. In this study, nine types of batteries covering 28 cases in total were employed to investigate the influence of energy density, ambient temperature, pressure, and SOC on the venting behavior, characterized by normalized gas amount; maximum gas releasing rate; and venting durations t50, t90, t95, and t99. Then, a ‘two-point’ fitting method was proposed to modify outcomes concerning real-time gas amounts. The results show that at 100% SOC, the normalized gas amount ranges within 0.075–0.105 mol/Ah for NCM batteries and 0.025–0.035 mol/L for LFP batteries, while the maximum gas releasing rate presents a strongly positive correlation with the capacity of NCM batteries (0.04–0.31 mol/s) and a slight increase for LFP batteries (0.02–0.06 mol/s). Eventually, the three venting patterns were summarized and advanced according to the energy density and SOC of the targeted battery. This research can provide a reference for risk evaluations of the venting process and safety design for structure and pressure relief in battery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety Design and Management of Batteries)
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14 pages, 7203 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of the Thermal Runaway Propagation Characteristics and Thermal Failure Prediction Parameters of Six-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery Modules
by Hongxu Li, Qing Gao and Yan Wang
Energies 2023, 16(13), 5172; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135172 - 05 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1161
Abstract
Efforts to meet regulations ensuring the safety of lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules in electric vehicles are currently limited in their ability to provide sufficient safe escape times in the event of thermal runaway (TR). Thermal runaway occurs when the heat generation of a [...] Read more.
Efforts to meet regulations ensuring the safety of lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules in electric vehicles are currently limited in their ability to provide sufficient safe escape times in the event of thermal runaway (TR). Thermal runaway occurs when the heat generation of a battery module exceeds its heat removal capacity, leading to a rapid increase in temperature and uncontrolled heat release. To address this issue, this study focuses on evaluating the cascading thermal failure characteristics of six-cell LIB modules under an air environment in an experimental combustion chamber. Sensors are strategically placed at advantageous locations to capture changes in various characteristic parameters, including LIB temperature, module voltage, module mass, and the concentrations of venting gases in the combustion chamber. Analysis of the variations in these characteristic parameters over time aims to identify effective signals that can predict thermal failure conditions with a maximum warning time. The results demonstrate that monitoring LIB temperature provides the shortest advance warning of TR propagation within the module. However, module voltage measurements offer a warning that is approximately 2% earlier on average. On the other hand, measurements of the module mass and concentrations of venting gases in the combustion chamber allow for warnings of thermal failure that are, on average, approximately 2 min earlier than those based solely on LIB temperature. These findings can serve as guidance for improving the safety of LIBs, enhancing the reliability of fault detection systems, and exceeding the safe escape time requirements set by current global regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety Design and Management of Batteries)
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15 pages, 3537 KiB  
Article
Thermal Runaway Vent Gases from High-Capacity Energy Storage LiFePO4 Lithium Iron
by Feng Qian, Hewu Wang, Minghai Li, Cheng Li, Hengjie Shen, Juan Wang, Yalun Li and Minggao Ouyang
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3485; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083485 - 17 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2717
Abstract
Lithium batteries are being utilized more widely, increasing the focus on their thermal safety, which is primarily brought on by their thermal runaway. This paper’s focus is the energy storage power station’s 50 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery. An in situ eruption study [...] Read more.
Lithium batteries are being utilized more widely, increasing the focus on their thermal safety, which is primarily brought on by their thermal runaway. This paper’s focus is the energy storage power station’s 50 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery. An in situ eruption study was conducted in an inert environment, while a thermal runaway experiment was conducted utilizing sealed pressure containers and an external heating triggering mechanism. Both the amount of gas release and the battery’s maximum temperature were discovered. Using gas chromatography, the gas emission from the battery was examined. Its principal constituents included CO, H2, CO2, CH4, C2H4, and so on. Moreover, the experiment discovered a second eruption of lithium iron phosphate, and the stage of its eruption was separated by the pressure signal of the sealed experimental chamber, giving a theoretical foundation and technological backing for the thermal catastrophe safety of lithium batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety Design and Management of Batteries)
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18 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
Parametric Investigation on the Electrical-Thermal Performance of Battery Modules with a Pumped Two-Phase Cooling System
by Jun Wang, Lin Ruan and Ruiwei Li
Energies 2022, 15(21), 7897; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217897 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1033
Abstract
The pumped two-phase cooling method is a practical way to dissipate heat from the battery module. The operating parameters of the cooling system should be investigated thoroughly to improve the performance of the battery thermal management system (BTMS). However, the previous BTMS designs [...] Read more.
The pumped two-phase cooling method is a practical way to dissipate heat from the battery module. The operating parameters of the cooling system should be investigated thoroughly to improve the performance of the battery thermal management system (BTMS). However, the previous BTMS designs only explored the thermal performance and ignored the electrical performance in the battery module. This study designed a pumped two-phase cooling BTMS with the refrigerant of R1233zd. An electrothermal coupled model was established for a series-connected battery module to predict thermal and electrical behavior. The results showed that the pumped two-phase cooling system could obtain excellent cooling performance with low system pressure under 2C discharging condition. The average temperature of the module and the temperature difference among cells could be maintained under 40 °C and 5 K under a 2C discharging rate. A lower saturation temperature, higher mass flux, and higher subcooling degree could enhance heat dissipation for the cooling system based on R1233zd. An increase in the saturation temperature and a decrease in the subcooling degree could enhance the temperature uniformity within the module. The battery consistency was mainly dominated by the temperature difference and deteriorated with a lower average temperature in the pack. The research outcome of this paper can guide the design and optimization of the pumped two-phase cooling BTMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety Design and Management of Batteries)
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