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Improving Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications
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Improving Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2026) | Viewed by 5376

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jianjun Ye

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: hydrogen safety; hydrogen flow and heat transfer; hydrogen equipment; renewable energy applications; reliability assessment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the global energy landscape is rapidly evolving, there is an urgent need for cleaner and more efficient energy solutions. Hydrogen energy stands at the forefront of the transition to sustainable energy solutions and is poised to play a vital role in shaping a carbon-neutral future. Meanwhile, scientists, engineers, and producers must recognize the crucial challenges in hydrogen energy use, such as hydrogen safety. Hydrogen safety is the key factor restricting the large-scale application of hydrogen energy, so it is necessary to deeply explore the innovation and safety research of hydrogen equipment.

Offering an open and professional communication platform, this Special Issue, “Improving Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications”, aims to promote the discussion and communication of the latest and forefront ideas, technological innovation, and forecasts in themes and areas related to hydrogen equipment and safety.

It expects articles focusing on the following five themes:

  • Hydrogen flow and heat transfer;
  • Hydrogen leakage and diffusion;
  • Risk assessment of hydrogen energy equipment;
  • Technology for hydrogen storage and transportation;
  • Hydrogen energy equipment test, design, and manufacture.

We look forward to considering your submissions.

Prof. Dr. Jianjun Ye
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen storage and transportation
  • hydrogen safety
  • risk assessment and control
  • leakage and diffusion
  • compression and evaporation
  • flow and heat transfer
  • hydrogen equipment design and test

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 3738 KB  
Article
Thermodynamic Analysis of Vehicle Liquid Hydrogen Tanks in Fire Scenarios
by Hongpeng Lv, Guohua Chen, Hepeng Yin, Shanqi Qu, Qiming Xu, Li Xia, Geng Zhang, Bo Deng and Kun Hu
Energies 2026, 19(11), 2620; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112620 - 29 May 2026
Viewed by 179
Abstract
As sustainable development becomes increasingly important, technologies for liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage and transportation are advancing rapidly. Safety concerns regarding LH2 tanks in fire accidents require further attention. In this study, a one-dimensional thermodynamic model was developed based on layer-by-layer [...] Read more.
As sustainable development becomes increasingly important, technologies for liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage and transportation are advancing rapidly. Safety concerns regarding LH2 tanks in fire accidents require further attention. In this study, a one-dimensional thermodynamic model was developed based on layer-by-layer analysis to assess the heat transfer performance of the insulation structure in LH2 tanks under fire conditions. Through the transformation of the solving target and iteration rules, a novel and efficient solution method was proposed for such thermodynamic problems. The thermodynamic performance of the insulation structure coupled with spray-on foam and variable-density multilayer under normal temperature (NT) and standardized fire conditions (863.15 K) was analyzed, and the effects of insulation structure parameters and environmental factors were evaluated. A case study of a 500 L vehicle LH2 tank was conducted using the software package BoilFAST, with the total heat leakage as the key input, to analyze the evolution of internal pressure and temperature. Results show that within the insulation structure, temperature decreases rapidly by 80.35% and 89.55% under fire and NT conditions, respectively. Spray-on foam insulation thickness, layer density, residual gas pressure, and hydrogen temperature exert minor effects, while the temperature of the external environment and the number of layers significantly affect the heat flux under the fire condition. Under the NT condition, heat leakage is primarily attributed to support structures and accessory pipelines, whereas under the fire condition, heat leakage from the insulation structure becomes the main source, accounting for 63%. This study provides a reference for heat transfer assessment of LH2 tanks in fire scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications)
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17 pages, 7070 KB  
Article
Hydrogen Leakage Location Prediction in a Fuel Cell System of Skid-Mounted Hydrogen Refueling Stations
by Leiqi Zhang, Qiliang Wu, Min Liu, Hao Chen, Dianji Wang, Xuefang Li and Qingxin Ba
Energies 2025, 18(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020228 - 7 Jan 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1805
Abstract
Hydrogen safety is a critical issue during the construction and development of the hydrogen energy industry. Hydrogen refueling stations play a pivotal role in the hydrogen energy chain. In the event of an accidental hydrogen leak at a hydrogen refueling station, the ability [...] Read more.
Hydrogen safety is a critical issue during the construction and development of the hydrogen energy industry. Hydrogen refueling stations play a pivotal role in the hydrogen energy chain. In the event of an accidental hydrogen leak at a hydrogen refueling station, the ability to quickly predict the leakage location is crucial for taking immediate and effective measures to prevent disastrous consequences. Therefore, the development of precise and efficient technologies to predict leakage locations is vital for the safe and stable operation of hydrogen refueling stations. This paper studied the localization technology of high-risk leakage locations in the fuel cell system of a skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station. The hydrogen leakage and diffusion processes in the fuel cell system were predicted using CFD simulations, and the hydrogen concentration data at various monitoring points were obtained. Then, a multilayer feedforward neural network was developed to predict leakage locations using simulated concentration data as training samples. After multiple adjustments to the network structure and hyperparameters, a final model with two hidden layers was selected. Each hidden layer consisted of 10 neurons. The hyperparameters included a learning rate of 0.0001, a batch size of 32, and 10-fold cross-validation. The Softmax classifier and Adam optimizer were used, with a training set for 1500 epochs. The results show that the algorithm can predict leakage locations not included in the training set. The accuracy achieved by the model was 95%. This approach addresses the limitations of sensor detection in accurately locating leaks and mitigates the risks associated with manual inspections. This paper provides a feasible method for locating hydrogen leakage in hydrogen energy application scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications)
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Review

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27 pages, 1246 KB  
Review
Hydrogen Safety in Energy Infrastructure: A Review
by Eva Gregorovičová and Jiří Pospíšil
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5470; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205470 - 17 Oct 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2608
Abstract
For the transition to emission-free or low-emission energy, hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and fuel of the future with the possibility of long-term storage. Due to its specific properties, it poses certain safety risks; therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive [...] Read more.
For the transition to emission-free or low-emission energy, hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and fuel of the future with the possibility of long-term storage. Due to its specific properties, it poses certain safety risks; therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of hydrogen. This review article contains ten main chapters and provides, by synthesizing current findings primarily from standards and scientific studies (predominantly from 2023 to 2024), the theoretical basis for further research directed toward safe hydrogen infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Hydrogen Safety for Energy Applications)
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