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Electronics
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Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications
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Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Computer Science & Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2021) | Viewed by 10082

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alfons Crespo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Automática e Informática Industrial (AI2), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
Interests: real-time systems; virtualization techniques; RT operating systems; embedded systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Patricia Balbastre

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Automática e Informática Industrial (AI2), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
Interests: real-time systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The open access journal Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292, Impact Factor: 1.764 (2018)) is launching a Special Issue on ‘Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications’. 

Specifically, in the topic of real-time systems, anticipated emerging topics include scheduling, hypervisors, operating systems, tools, mixed criticality systems, multicore integration, design and verification, modeling, performance analysis, fault tolerance, and system experimentation and deployment experiences.

In the subject of cyber-physical systems, topics of interest include new theories for CPS, design methods, simulation/emulation for CPS, tools chains, CPS architectures, security and privacy, hardware/software integration analysis techniques and performance analysis, robustness, and safety.

The subject of applications includes the applications of the previous domains that provide new complementary aspects to real-time systems such as machine learning techniques, middleware, IoT, and Industry 4.0.

The main topics of this Special Issue are derived from the domains described above. Some examples are:

  • Real-time theory, modeling and design;
  • Scheduling of real-time systems, mono and multicore;
  • Mixed-criticality systems;
  • Real-time hypervisors and operating systems;
  • Multicore real-time systems;
  • Analysis and deployment tools;
  • Cyber-physical systems;
  • Performance analysis;
  • Real-time applications with innovative technologies.

Prof. Dr. Alfons Crespo
Prof. Dr. Patricia Balbastre
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 3930 KiB  
Article
LAN Traffic Capture Applications Using the Libtins Library
by Adrian-Tiberiu Costin, Daniel Zinca and Virgil Dobrota
Electronics 2021, 10(24), 3084; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243084 - 11 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3061
Abstract
Capturing traffic and processing its contents is a valuable skill that when put in the right hands makes diagnosing and troubleshooting network issues an approachable task. Apart from aiding in fixing common problems, packet capture can also be used for any application that [...] Read more.
Capturing traffic and processing its contents is a valuable skill that when put in the right hands makes diagnosing and troubleshooting network issues an approachable task. Apart from aiding in fixing common problems, packet capture can also be used for any application that requires getting a deeper understanding of how things work under the hood. Many tools have been developed in order to allow the user to study the flow of data inside of a network. This paper focuses on documenting the process of creating such tools and showcasing their use in different contexts. This is achieved by leveraging the power of the C++ programming language and of the libtins library in order to create custom extensible sniffing tools, which are then used in VoIP (Voice over IP) and IDS (Intrusion Detection System) applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications)
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15 pages, 3045 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the K2 Scheduler for a Real-Time System with an SSD
by Sanghyeok Park and Jinkyu Lee
Electronics 2021, 10(7), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070865 - 06 Apr 2021
Viewed by 2285
Abstract
While an SSD (Solid State Drive) has been widely used for storage in many computing systems due to its small average latency, how to provide timing guarantees of a delay-sensitive (real-time) task on a real-time system equipped with an SSD has not been [...] Read more.
While an SSD (Solid State Drive) has been widely used for storage in many computing systems due to its small average latency, how to provide timing guarantees of a delay-sensitive (real-time) task on a real-time system equipped with an SSD has not been fully explored. A recent study has proposed a work-constraining I/O scheduler, called K2, which has succeeded in reducing the tail latency of a real-time task at the expense of compromising the total bandwidth for real-time and non-real-time tasks. Although the queue length bound parameter of the K2 scheduler is a key to regulate the tradeoff between a decrease in the tail latency of a real-time task and an increase in penalty of the total bandwidth, the parameter’s impact on the tradeoff has not been thoroughly investigated. In particular, no studies have addressed how the case of a fully occupied SSD that incurs garbage collection changes the performance of the K2 scheduler in terms of the tail latency of the real-time task and the total bandwidth. In this paper, we systematically analyze the performance of the K2 scheduler for different I/O operation types, based on experiments on Linux. We investigate how the performance is changed on a fully occupied SSD due to garbage collection. Utilizing the investigation, we draw general guidelines on how to select a proper setting of the queue length bound for better performance. Finally, we propose how to apply the guidelines to achieve target objectives that optimize the tail latency of the real-time task and the total bandwidth at the same time, which has not been achieved by previous studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications)
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21 pages, 49917 KiB  
Article
Software Components for Smart Industry Based on Microservices: A Case Study in pH Control Process for the Beverage Industry
by Héctor Serrano-Magaña, Apolinar González-Potes, Vrani Ibarra-Junquera, Patricia Balbastre, Diego Martínez-Castro and José Simó
Electronics 2021, 10(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070763 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2343
Abstract
Modern industries require constant adaptation to new trends. Thus, they seek greater flexibility and agility to cope with disruptions, as well as to solve needs or meet the demand for growth. Therefore, smart industrial applications require a lot of flexibility to be able [...] Read more.
Modern industries require constant adaptation to new trends. Thus, they seek greater flexibility and agility to cope with disruptions, as well as to solve needs or meet the demand for growth. Therefore, smart industrial applications require a lot of flexibility to be able to react more quickly to continuous market changes, offer more personalized products, increase operational efficiency, and achieve optimum operating points that integrate the entire value chain of a process. This requires the capture of new data that are subsequently processed at different levels of the hierarchy of automation processes, with requirements and technologies according to each level. The result is a new challenge related to the addition of new functionalities in the processes and the interoperability between them. This paper proposes a distributed computational component-based framework that integrates communication, computation, and storage resources and real-time capabilities through container technology, microservices, and the publish/subscribe paradigm, as well as contributing to the development and implementation of industrial automation applications by bridging the gap between generic architectures and physical realizations. The main idea is to enable plug-and-play software components, from predefined components with their interrelationships, to achieve industrial applications without losing or degrading the robustness from previous developments. This paper presents the process of design and implementation with the proposed framework through the implementation of a complex pH control process, ranging from the simulation part to its scaling and implementation to an industrial level, showing the plug-and-play assembly from a definition of components with their relationships to the implementation process with the respective technologies involved. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was experimentally verified in a real production process, showing that the results scaled to an industrial scale comply with the simulated design process. A qualitative comparison with traditional industrial implementations, based on the implementation requirements, was carried out. The implementation was developed in the beverage production plant “Punta Delicia”, located in Colima, Mexico. Finally, the results showed that the platform provided a high-fidelity design, analysis, and testing environment for cyber information flow and their effect on the physical operation of the pH control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications)
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21 pages, 2845 KiB  
Article
Fault Classification of Nonlinear Small Sample Data through Feature Sub-Space Neighbor Vote
by Xian Du, Jingyang Yan and Rui Ma
Electronics 2020, 9(11), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111952 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1532
Abstract
The fault classification of a small sample of high dimension is challenging, especially for a nonlinear and non-Gaussian manufacturing process. In this paper, a similarity-based feature selection and sub-space neighbor vote method is proposed to solve this problem. To capture the dynamics, nonlinearity, [...] Read more.
The fault classification of a small sample of high dimension is challenging, especially for a nonlinear and non-Gaussian manufacturing process. In this paper, a similarity-based feature selection and sub-space neighbor vote method is proposed to solve this problem. To capture the dynamics, nonlinearity, and non-Gaussianity in the irregular time series data, high order spectral features, and fractal dimension features are extracted, selected, and stacked in a regular matrix. To address the problem of a small sample, all labeled fault data are used for similarity decisions for a specific fault type. The distances between the new data and all fault types are calculated in their feature subspaces. The new data are classified to the nearest fault type by majority probability voting of the distances. Meanwhile, the selected features, from respective measured variables, indicate the cause of the fault. The proposed method is evaluated on a publicly available benchmark of a real semiconductor etching dataset. It is demonstrated that by using the high order spectral features and fractal dimensionality features, the proposed method can achieve more than 84% fault recognition accuracy. The resulting feature subspace can be used to match any new fault data to the fingerprint feature subspace of each fault type, and hence can pinpoint the root cause of a fault in a manufacturing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems and Applications)
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