Diversity

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1160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Points to Forecasts: Predicting Invasive Species Habitat Suitability in the Near Term

by Tracy R. Holcombe, Thomas J. Stohlgren and Catherine S. Jarnevich

Diversity 2010, 2(5), 738-767; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2050738 - 12 May 2010

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 9336

We used near-term climate scenarios for the continental United States, to model 12 invasive plants species. We created three potential habitat suitability models for each species using maximum entropy modeling: (1) current; (2) 2020; and (3) 2035. Area under the curve values for [...] Read more.

We used near-term climate scenarios for the continental United States, to model 12 invasive plants species. We created three potential habitat suitability models for each species using maximum entropy modeling: (1) current; (2) 2020; and (3) 2035. Area under the curve values for the models ranged from 0.92 to 0.70, with 10 of the 12 being above 0.83 suggesting strong and predictable species-environment matching. Change in area between the current potential habitat and 2035 ranged from a potential habitat loss of about 217,000 km², to a potential habitat gain of about 133,000 km². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

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254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Structure Alters the Shape of the Unimodal Species Richness-Biomass Relationship in a Neutral Model

by Daniel J. McGlinn and Michael W. Palmer

Diversity 2010, 2(4), 550-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2040550 - 6 Apr 2010

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 11105

Abstract

Variation in individual density may explain the unimodal richness-biomass relationship in which species richness peaks at an intermediate level of total biomass. However, it is unclear how individual density is regulated by community thinning (i.e., mortality due to competition [...] Read more.

Variation in individual density may explain the unimodal richness-biomass relationship in which species richness peaks at an intermediate level of total biomass. However, it is unclear how individual density is regulated by community thinning (i.e., mortality due to competition with neighbors) as total above-ground biomass increases. We developed a simulation model which demonstrates that the spatial structure of a population can influence the initiation and rate of community thinning and thus the shape of the richness-biomass relationship. Specifically, we found that more clustered populations resulted in a more abrupt initiation and rapid rate of thinning and thus a sharper unimodal richness-biomass relationship. Our simulation also demonstrated that a wide diversity of richness-biomass relationships can be produced by community-thinning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

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176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Systems as Complex Systems: Challenges for an Emerging Science

by Madhur Anand, Andrew Gonzalez, Frédéric Guichard, Jurek Kolasa and Lael Parrott

Diversity 2010, 2(3), 395-410; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2030395 - 15 Mar 2010

Cited by 104 | Viewed by 24061

Abstract

Complex systems science has contributed to our understanding of ecology in important areas such as food webs, patch dynamics and population fluctuations. This has been achieved through the use of simple measures that can capture the difference between order and disorder and simple [...] Read more.

Complex systems science has contributed to our understanding of ecology in important areas such as food webs, patch dynamics and population fluctuations. This has been achieved through the use of simple measures that can capture the difference between order and disorder and simple models with local interactions that can generate surprising behaviour at larger scales. However, close examination reveals that commonly applied definitions of complexity fail to accommodate some key features of ecological systems, a fact that will limit the contribution of complex systems science to ecology. We highlight these features of ecological complexity—such as diversity, cross-scale interactions, memory and environmental variability—that continue to challenge classical complex systems science. Further advances in these areas will be necessary before complex systems science can be widely applied to understand the dynamics of ecological systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

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194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Diversity and Differentiation

by Hans-Rolf Gregorius

Diversity 2010, 2(3), 370-394; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2030370 - 3 Mar 2010

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 10409

Abstract

Generally speaking, the term differentiation refers to differences between collections for the distribution of specified traits of their members, while diversity deals with (effective) numbers of trait states (types). Counting numbers of types implies discrete traits such as alleles and genotypes in population [...] Read more.

Generally speaking, the term differentiation refers to differences between collections for the distribution of specified traits of their members, while diversity deals with (effective) numbers of trait states (types). Counting numbers of types implies discrete traits such as alleles and genotypes in population genetics or species and taxa in ecology. Comparisons between the concepts of differentiation and diversity therefore primarily refer to discrete traits. Diversity is related to differentiation through the idea that the total diversity of a subdivided collection should be composed of the diversity within the subcollections and a complement called “diversity between subcollections”. The idea goes back to the perception that the mixing of differentiated collections increases diversity. Several existing concepts of “diversity between subcollections” are based on this idea. Among them, β-diversity and fixation (inadvertently called differentiation) are the most prominent in ecology and in population genetics, respectively. The pertaining measures are shown to quantify the effect of differentiation in terms of diversity components, though from a dual perspective: the classical perspective of differentiation between collections for their type compositions, and the reverse perspective of differentiation between types for their collection affiliations. A series of measures of diversity-oriented differentiation is presented that consider this dual perspective at two levels of diversity partitioning: the overall type or subcollection diversity and the joint type-subcollection diversity. It turns out that, in contrast with common notions, the measures of fixation (such as F_ST or G_ST ) refer to the perspective of type rather than subcollection differentiation. This unexpected observation strongly suggests that the popular interpretations of fixation measures must be reconsidered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

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283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relation between Evenness and Diversity

by Lou Jost

Diversity 2010, 2(2), 207-232; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2020207 - 11 Feb 2010

Cited by 411 | Viewed by 27196

Abstract

Contrary to common belief, decomposition of diversity into independent richness and evenness components is mathematically impossible. However, richness can be decomposed into independent diversity and evenness or inequality components. The evenness or inequality component derived in this way is connected to most of [...] Read more.

Contrary to common belief, decomposition of diversity into independent richness and evenness components is mathematically impossible. However, richness can be decomposed into independent diversity and evenness or inequality components. The evenness or inequality component derived in this way is connected to most of the common measures of evenness and inequality in ecology and economics. This perspective justifies the derivation of measures of relative evenness, which give the amount of evenness relative to the maximum and minimum possible for a given richness. Pielou’s [1] evenness measure J is shown to be such a measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

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178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity: A Philosophical Perspective

by Sahotra Sarkar

Diversity 2010, 2(1), 127-141; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2010127 - 26 Jan 2010

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 12241

Abstract

In recent years, diversity, whether it be ecological, biological, cultural, or linguistic diversity, has emerged as a major cultural value. This paper analyzes whether a single concept of diversity can underwrite discussions of diversity in different disciplines. More importantly, it analyzes the normative [...] Read more.

In recent years, diversity, whether it be ecological, biological, cultural, or linguistic diversity, has emerged as a major cultural value. This paper analyzes whether a single concept of diversity can underwrite discussions of diversity in different disciplines. More importantly, it analyzes the normative justification for the endorsement of diversity as a goal in all contexts. It concludes that no more than a relatively trivial concept of diversity as richness is common to all contexts. Moreover, there is no universal justification for the endorsement of diversity. Arguments to justify the protection of diversity must be tailored to individual contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

142 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Study of Species in the Era of Biodiversity: A Tale of Stupidity

by Ferdinando Boero

Diversity 2010, 2(1), 115-126; https://doi.org/10.3390/d2010115 - 22 Jan 2010

Cited by 124 | Viewed by 30250

Abstract

Research policies ensuing from the Convention on Biological Diversity made huge funds available to study biodiversity. These were mostly dedicated to projects aimed at providing services to taxonomy via information and technology, or to develop “modern”, i.e., molecular, approaches to taxonomy. Traditional taxonomy [...] Read more.

Research policies ensuing from the Convention on Biological Diversity made huge funds available to study biodiversity. These were mostly dedicated to projects aimed at providing services to taxonomy via information and technology, or to develop “modern”, i.e., molecular, approaches to taxonomy. Traditional taxonomy was overly neglected and is in serious distress all over the world. It is argued that both novel and traditional ways to study biodiversity are essential and that the demise of traditional taxonomy (based on phenotypes) in the era of biodiversity is the result of an unwise policy, mainly fostered by portions of the scientific community that aim at taking total advantage of the funds dedicated to the study of biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity Theories and Perspectives)

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