Microstructure and Properties of Steel Materials

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 1299

Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: additive manufacturing; steel; phase transformation; mechanical properties; dynamic mechanical behavior; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: steel; phase transformation; mechanical properties; crystallography; additive manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
School of Metallurgical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
Interests: advanced high strength steel; microstructure characterization; phase transformation; mechanical properties

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Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Interests: ultrahigh strength steels; mechanical properties; strength and toughness; precipitation; microstructure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Steel remains the backbone of modern industry, essential for the construction, transportation, and energy sectors. Its unparalleled versatility stems from the profound relationship among its processing, resulting microstructure, and final properties. Understanding and controlling microstructural features—from phase fractions and grain size to precipitate distribution and dislocation density—are key to tailoring performance.

The ongoing pursuit of enhanced mechanical properties, such as strength, ductility, and toughness, is now coupled with increasingly critical demands for durability and sustainability. Resistance to degradation phenomena like corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement is paramount for safety and longevity in harsh environments. Furthermore, the advent of novel material-processing routes, particularly additive manufacturing, is revolutionizing steel production. These innovative techniques introduce unique thermal cycles and non-equilibrium microstructures, presenting both new challenges and opportunities for property optimization that demand thorough scientific investigation.

This Special Issue aims to compile high-quality research and review articles that address these interconnected themes. We welcome contributions that investigate the interplay among processing, microstructure, and properties in steels, utilizing experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches. Specific topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Phase transformations: thermodynamics, kinetics, and crystallography.
  • Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties.
  • Degradation mechanisms, including corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement.
  • Microstructure and property engineering through conventional and advanced material processing.
  • Effects of additive manufacturing on the microstructure and performance of steel components.

By providing a platform for the presentation of the latest advancements, this Special Issue will foster discussion and inspire future innovations in science and technology surrounding this indispensable material.

Dr. Shilong Liu
Dr. Yishuang Yu
Dr. Qizhe Ye
Dr. Yangxin Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • steel
  • microstructure
  • phase transformation
  • mechanical properties
  • corrosion
  • hydrogen embrittlement
  • materials processing
  • additive manufacturing
  • machine learning

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 6180 KB  
Communication
Combined Effects of Cooling Rate and Pre-Tempering on Microstructure and Properties of H13 Steel
by Mingwei Ren, Huili Sun, Zheng Zhu, Kewei Gao and Yunbo Chen
Crystals 2026, 16(7), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16070430 - 1 Jul 2026
Abstract
The effect of quenching rate combined with pre-tempering treatments on the mechanical properties of H13 steel was systematically investigated in this study. Tensile testing, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were employed to study the structure–property [...] Read more.
The effect of quenching rate combined with pre-tempering treatments on the mechanical properties of H13 steel was systematically investigated in this study. Tensile testing, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were employed to study the structure–property relationships associated with different heat treatment conditions. The results showed that the specimen subjected to pre-tempering at 680 °C exhibited optimal strength performance, and fractographic analysis revealed that the specimen exhibited characteristic ductile fracture features. Further analysis revealed that increasing the quenching cooling rate effectively refined the grain size of the matrix, thereby significantly enhancing the strength of the sample. Tensile tests demonstrated optimal comprehensive mechanical performance with a yield strength of ~1050.4 MPa and elongation after fracture of ~17.1% for the oil-quenched specimen subjected to 680 °C pre-tempering treatment. The findings provide valuable experimental evidence and theoretical guidance for optimizing the heat treatment process of H13 steel and improving its failure resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Properties of Steel Materials)
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19 pages, 5075 KB  
Article
Influence of Chemical Composition and Electro-Steel Sheets Manufacturing Parameters on the Adhesion of an Electro-Insulating Self-Bonding Varnish Layer
by Vanda Tomková, Miroslav Tomáš, Stanislav Németh, Matúš Horváth, Vladimír Kundracík, Emil Evin, Ján Slota, Anna Guzanová and Iveta Filipovská
Crystals 2026, 16(4), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16040253 - 10 Apr 2026
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Abstract
One promising innovative joining process for non-oriented electrical sheets is based on an electro-insulating layer combined with a self-bonding varnish. The aim of this study was to investigate the adhesion of the self-bonding varnish as evaluated by a lap-shear test. During the experiments, [...] Read more.
One promising innovative joining process for non-oriented electrical sheets is based on an electro-insulating layer combined with a self-bonding varnish. The aim of this study was to investigate the adhesion of the self-bonding varnish as evaluated by a lap-shear test. During the experiments, non-oriented electrical steels with low to high silicon content were analyzed and tested. The Si content, the bond thickness, and the surface roughness Ra, as well as the selected steel production parameters—such as the radiation tube furnace temperature (RTF), the grain growth temperature (i.e., heating temperature (HF)), the peak metal temperature (PMT), and the annealing atmosphere (dry or humid, controlled by dew point)—were considered as the variables. The results showed that the lap-shear strength was independent of the surface roughness within the investigated range. In contrast, the bond thickness exhibited a weak positive effect on the lap-shear strength, while the Si content showed condition-dependent behavior. The RTF and the HF resulted in a relatively stable mechanical performance, whereas the PMT and the humid annealing atmosphere were identified as critical factors influencing adhesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Properties of Steel Materials)
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Review

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32 pages, 1901 KB  
Review
A Brief Review on Hot Cracking Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds
by Sadok Mehrez, Touileb Kamel and Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed
Crystals 2026, 16(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16070433 - 2 Jul 2026
Abstract
Hot cracking in welding is a very complex phenomenon. It can happen in the weld metal zone during solidification but also in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Hot cracking defects are material decohesion that occur at high temperatures along grain boundaries when the strain [...] Read more.
Hot cracking in welding is a very complex phenomenon. It can happen in the weld metal zone during solidification but also in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Hot cracking defects are material decohesion that occur at high temperatures along grain boundaries when the strain and strain rate exceed a certain level. The cracks can be internal or open to the surface in the weld bead. During a welding operation, different types of hot cracks can appear, such as hot cracking due to solidification, hot cracking due to liquation, hot cracking due to loss of ductility. The main factors favoring hot solidification cracking include the presence of residual elements and impurities, leading to the formation of a low-melting eutectic; the solidification mode; and mechanical restraints. This review paper gives an introduction to solidification cracking in stainless-steel welds, the weldability of the austenite grades, and the causes of solidification cracking occurrence. The main methods with which to detect and inspect cracks are investigated. Particular focus is placed on TIG (tungsten inert gas), also known as Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). A review of the literature reveals that considerable progress has been made in terms of the improvement in the properties of the weld joint through the application of mitigation means and strategies. The effort made by researchers in understanding solidification cracking phenomena has been key to enhancing cracking resistance and ensuring the integrity of structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Properties of Steel Materials)
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