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Crystals
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Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering...
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Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2024) | Viewed by 17248

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hui Wang

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Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: crystal plasticity; texture; rolling; microstructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Lihong Su

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Guest Editor
School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Interests: advanced manufacturing; friction and wear; severe plastic deformation; microstructure/texture characterisation; advanced modelling; deformation mechanism; mechanics of materials; residual stress analysis; X-ray/neutron/synchrotron diffraction; advanced and emerging materials; high-entropy alloys; corrosion and erosion of materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ebad Bagherpour

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Guest Editor
Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
Interests: mechanics of materials; severe plastic deformation (SPD); modelling and simulation; microstructure–properties relationship
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qiang Xing

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: machine vision; micro-nano manufacturing; meniscus confined electro deposition (MCED); smart embedded industrial system control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metals are the most widely used engineering materials, and their reliability is crucially important for their applications. Manufactured and processed engineering metallic materials exhibit various mechanical properties, defects, phases, microstructure, and chemical compositions. Therefore, the deformation and failure of these metallic materials are complicated processes.

This Special Issue aims to cover the latest advances in the research of material deformation and failure. Experimental characterization, numerical modelling and machine learning were developed to investigate this topic at various length scales, including mechanical properties measurements, microstructure/texture characterization, finite element methods, crystal plasticity modelling, phase field modelling, atomistic modelling, supervised machine learning, unsupervised machine learning, and data integration. These emerging research methods are highly beneficial for obtaining a fundamental understanding of the failure of engineering materials, and their associated findings can certainly improve the reliability of these engineering metallic materials.

In this regard, original research papers, short communications, and review articles studying the following subjects are welcome in this Special Issue: manufacturing and processing, engineering material structure design, optimizing processing, texture/microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, plastic deformation, damage and failure.

Prof. Dr. Hui Wang
Dr. Lihong Su
Dr. Ebad Bagherpour
Dr. Qiang Xing
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • manufacturing and processing
  • plastic deformation
  • fatigue and fracture
  • texture
  • microstructure
  • mechanical properties
  • finite element method
  • crystal plasticity
  • atomistic modelling
  • machine learning
  • processing–structure–property (PSP) relation
  • process optimization

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 7459 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Laser Lap Welding of Aluminum–Steel with Pre-Fabricated Copper–Nickel Binary Coating
by Hua Zhang, Huiyan Gu and Dong Ma
Crystals 2025, 15(4), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15040300 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
In order to solve the problem of poor weld quality caused by brittle metal compounds in the welding of dissimilar metals between aluminum and steel, a pre-welding treatment method of prefabricated copper–nickel binary coating between aluminum and steel has been proposed. Laser lap [...] Read more.
In order to solve the problem of poor weld quality caused by brittle metal compounds in the welding of dissimilar metals between aluminum and steel, a pre-welding treatment method of prefabricated copper–nickel binary coating between aluminum and steel has been proposed. Laser lap welding tests and weld performance tests were conducted using 6061 aluminum alloy and DP590 duplex steel with a thickness of 0.5 mm as base materials, with steel on top and aluminum on bottom. The research results indicate that the prefabricated copper–nickel binary coating can effectively suppress the formation of brittle phase compounds of Fe and Al; the increase of copper and nickel elements is beneficial for the formation of tough compounds such as (Fe, Cu, Ni)3Al, (Fe, Cu, Ni)Al3, and CuAl5 in the weld zone; when the thickness of the copper coating is 155 μm and the thickness of the nickel coating is 110 μm, the mechanical properties of the aluminum steel lap welding seam are the best, and the maximum shear force that can be withstood is 208.09 N, which is 56% higher than uncoated sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Nanoindentation Stress Relaxation to Quantify Dislocation Velocity–Stress Exponent
by Tzu-Yi Chang, Gavin Vandenbroeder, David M. Frazer, Dewen Yushu, Stephanie Pitts and Tianyi Chen
Crystals 2024, 14(8), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080680 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1133
Abstract
This work reports a new methodology using indentation stress relaxation to characterize the dislocation velocity–stress exponent. Through the indentation stress relaxation process, the dislocation structure builds up at the rate governed by dislocation velocity, which is a function of the externally applied stress. [...] Read more.
This work reports a new methodology using indentation stress relaxation to characterize the dislocation velocity–stress exponent. Through the indentation stress relaxation process, the dislocation structure builds up at the rate governed by dislocation velocity, which is a function of the externally applied stress. The relationship between the dislocation velocity and stress can thus be derived from the indentation stress relaxation data of the stress as a function of time. In this study, instrumented nanoindentation stress relaxation experiments were performed on pure aluminum samples, following three different initial displacement rates of 100, 400, and 800 nm/s. Based on the scaling properties of dislocation kinetics, the data were interpreted to derive a dislocation velocity–stress exponent of 2.5 ± 0.5 for room-temperature aluminum. Crystal plasticity finite-element simulations were performed to illustrate the sensitivity of the proposed nanoindentation stress relaxation methodology to the dislocation velocity–stress exponent value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 27615 KiB  
Article
Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Modeling of the Influences of Ultrafine-Grained Austenite on the Mechanical Response of a Medium-Mn Steel
by Pengfei Shen, Yang Liu and Xiang Zhang
Crystals 2024, 14(5), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050405 - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1851
Abstract
Medium manganese (medium-Mn) steel, one of the third-generation advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), delivers impressive mechanical properties such as high yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and uniform elongation. One notable feature of medium-Mn steels is the presence of ultrafine-grained (UFG) austenite, achieved through phase [...] Read more.
Medium manganese (medium-Mn) steel, one of the third-generation advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), delivers impressive mechanical properties such as high yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and uniform elongation. One notable feature of medium-Mn steels is the presence of ultrafine-grained (UFG) austenite, achieved through phase transformation from the parent martensite phase during intercritical annealing. While, in general, UFG is considered a strengthening mechanism, the impact of UFG austenites in medium-Mn steel has not been fully studied. In this manuscript, we advance our previous work on crystal plasticity simulation based on the Taylor model to consider fully resolved high-fidelity microstructures and systematically study the influence of the UFG austenites. The original microstructure with UFG is reconstructed from a set of serial electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) scans, where the exact grain morphology, orientation, and phase composition are preserved. This microstructure was further analyzed to identify the UFG austenites and recover them to their parent martensite before the intercritical annealing. These two high-fidelity microstructures are used for a comparative study using dislocation density-based crystal plasticity finite modeling to understand the impact of UFG austenites on both the local and overall mechanical responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 33074 KiB  
Article
Effects of Stress State, Crack—γ/γ′ Phase Interface Relative Locations and Orientations on the Deformation and Crack Propagation Behaviors of the Ni-Based Superalloy—A Molecular Dynamics Study
by Xinmao Qin, Yilong Liang and Jiabao Gu
Crystals 2023, 13(10), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101446 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigate the influence of stress states, relative locations, and orientations of crack—γ/γ′ phase interfaces on the deformation and crack propagation behaviors of the Ni-based superalloy through molecular dynamics simulations. The stress state with high stress triaxiality will impede [...] Read more.
In this study, we systematically investigate the influence of stress states, relative locations, and orientations of crack—γ/γ′ phase interfaces on the deformation and crack propagation behaviors of the Ni-based superalloy through molecular dynamics simulations. The stress state with high stress triaxiality will impede the plastic deformation process of the system, thereby promoting brittle crack propagation within the system. But the stress state of low stress triaxiality results in obvious plastic deformation and plastic crack propagation behaviors of the system. The deformation system with cracks located in both the γ and γ′ phase exhibits the slowest growth rate, regardless of applied stress states. Additionally, the deformation process demonstrates prominent plastic behavior. For the deformation system with cracks perpendicular to the γ/γ′ phase interface, the γ/γ′ phase interface will hinder the crack propagation. Our research provides interesting observations on deformation and crack propagation behaviors at an atomic level and at a nano-scale which are important for understanding deformation and fracture behaviors at a macroscopic scale for the Ni-based superalloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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19 pages, 8373 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Process Study on Laser Shock Peening of 1Cr18Ni9Ti Material
by Xiangyu Ding, Sijie Ma, Junlong Zhang, Zonghong Jiang, Hongliang Li, Shengchao Wang, Cheng Wang and Jida Zhong
Crystals 2023, 13(8), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081279 - 19 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1540
Abstract
This article mainly studies the improvement of the properties of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti material after laser shock peening. The 1Cr18Ni9Ti material is the main material used to make aviation ducts, and improving the fatigue life of aviation ducts can significantly improve the safety performance [...] Read more.
This article mainly studies the improvement of the properties of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti material after laser shock peening. The 1Cr18Ni9Ti material is the main material used to make aviation ducts, and improving the fatigue life of aviation ducts can significantly improve the safety performance of aviation engines. The article combines simulation and experiment to study the improvement effect of laser shock peening on the material’s properties. The main results are as follows: The fatigue test showed that, under the same stress load, laser shock peening can greatly extend the fatigue life of the specimen, with the 3J process having the best effect. EBSD analysis showed that the 3J process has the best grain refinement effect. The X-ray diffraction method proved that the measurement results of residual compressive stress under the 3J process are optimal. Overall, it is shown that the properties of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti material can be greatly improved under the 3J process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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7 pages, 2616 KiB  
Communication
Improving Texture Prediction by Increasing Mesh Resolution in Submodel: A Crystal Plasticity FE Study and Experiment Verification
by Yu Liu, Qi Zhang, Qinqin Ge, Xingxing Wang and Yifu Shen
Crystals 2023, 13(5), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050849 - 20 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Crystal plasticity finite element simulations require tremendous computation time and, accordingly, coarse mesh is generally used. To improve the texture prediction, Submodelling was applied to feature grains in this study. A simulation of the Wholemodel (whole sample) was firstly carried out to obtain [...] Read more.
Crystal plasticity finite element simulations require tremendous computation time and, accordingly, coarse mesh is generally used. To improve the texture prediction, Submodelling was applied to feature grains in this study. A simulation of the Wholemodel (whole sample) was firstly carried out to obtain the global texture, and then a smaller region from the Wholemodel was selected, reconstructed and finely meshed in the Submodel. The movement on the selected region boundary, obtained from the Wholemodel, was used to deform the Submodel. The Submodel reproduced the predictions in the Wholemodel, and the texture prediction, especially at micro-scale, was greatly enhanced in the Submodel due to the fine mesh. This significant drop in the Submodel computation time marks an ~85% decrease compared to the Wholemodel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 11736 KiB  
Article
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and Mild–Severe Wear Transition of the AA2195-T6 Alloy under Different Loads
by Qingqiang Chen, Yalei Yu, Guanjie Ma, Xingzi Sun and Laixiao Lu
Crystals 2023, 13(4), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040698 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2002
Abstract
The mild–severe wear transition of aluminum alloys is considered evidence that the wear changes from a stable state to an unstable state, which is of great importance in engineering applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mild–severe wear transition of [...] Read more.
The mild–severe wear transition of aluminum alloys is considered evidence that the wear changes from a stable state to an unstable state, which is of great importance in engineering applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mild–severe wear transition of the 2195 Al–Li alloy for different loads and to elucidate the causes behind it. To this end, dry sliding tribometric tests were carried out by varying the normal load from 2 to 40 N at room temperature. The results show that the change in wear rate can be divided into three distinct stages, including weak growth at low load (2–4 N), rapidly increased growth at medium load (8–16 N), and gradually increased growth at high load (32–40 N). The transition from mild to severe wear is observed at loads ranging from 4 to 8 N. Characterization of the worn surface of the Al–Li alloy via scanning electron microscopy shows that abrasion and oxidation are the dominant wear phenomena in the mild wear regime. On the other hand, delamination, adhesion, and severe plastic deformation become dominant in the severe wear regime. The reason for the occurrence of the transition is the tribo-induced plastic deformation of the substrate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 4848 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Strengthened by Cavitation Water Jet Peening at Different Scanning Speeds
by Zijun Zhang, Yongfei Yang, Yong Gao, Gaowei Wang and Weidong Shi
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101451 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2099
Abstract
Shot peening technologies can improve the performance of materials and extend the service life of parts. Cavitation water jet peening (CWJP) is a new shot peening technology that uses the shear effect of a high-speed jet in a submerged environment to produce a [...] Read more.
Shot peening technologies can improve the performance of materials and extend the service life of parts. Cavitation water jet peening (CWJP) is a new shot peening technology that uses the shear effect of a high-speed jet in a submerged environment to produce a cluster of bubbles, thereby achieving a significant increase in impact performance. In this paper, CWJP was used to strengthen the surface of the 7075 aluminum alloy (Al7075), and the effects of CWJP with different scanning speeds on its microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The morphology evolution revealed that the plastic deformation of the sample surface became more serious and the surface roughness increased with the decrease in scanning speed. The distribution of residual stress and microhardness along the depth direction of the Al7075 was measured before and after the CWJP impact, and it was found that CWJP causes work hardening on the surface of the Al7075 and can convert the subsurface tensile stress of the Al7075 into compressive stress. The mechanism of grain refinement of the Al7075 during plastic deformation was systematically revealed. Therefore, CWJP can effectively improve the surface properties of the 7075 aluminum alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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15 pages, 2949 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Kinetics of As-Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy via Twin Parallel Channel Angular Extrusion Processing
by Mohammad Abdi, Ramin Ebrahimi and Ebad Bagherpour
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101428 - 9 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
In the current study, Twin Parallel Channel Angular Extrusion (TPCAE) as a developed SPD processing technique is used to improve the hydrogen storage properties of AZ91 cast alloy. The processing is conducted at different temperatures, ranging from 340 °C down to 200 °C. [...] Read more.
In the current study, Twin Parallel Channel Angular Extrusion (TPCAE) as a developed SPD processing technique is used to improve the hydrogen storage properties of AZ91 cast alloy. The processing is conducted at different temperatures, ranging from 340 °C down to 200 °C. The hydrogen absorption and desorption tests are conducted kinetically at three different temperatures, using a Sievert-type apparatus. Remarkable improvement in the absorption kinetic is achieved as a result of the TPCAE processing. A maximum absorption capacity of 6.1 wt.% within a time span of 2000 s is achieved for the sample with three passes of processing complemented at 250 °C. Also, the kinetic of dehydrogenation is improved significantly and complete desorption at 350 °C is achieved for all the processed samples within a time span of maximum 2500 s. By calculating the activation energy of hydrogenation and evaluating the microstructure changes, it is found that implementing sufficient thermomechanical work level along with applying the last pass of the process at lower temperature results in a reduction of the activation energy and improvement of the hydrogenation kinetic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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7 pages, 1576 KiB  
Article
Plastic Damage Assessment in 316 Austenitic Steel Using the Misorientation Parameters from an In Situ EBSD Technique
by Xiao Wang, Zechen Du, Fubao Zhang, Yu Zhu, Yu Liu and Hui Wang
Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081126 - 11 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1777
Abstract
Plastic damage assessment in 316 austenitic steel was performed in this research by using the misorientation parameters derived from an in situ EBSD technique. With the increase in plastic strain, the misorientation parameters, such as the Grain Reference Orientation Deviation (GROD), Grain Orientation [...] Read more.
Plastic damage assessment in 316 austenitic steel was performed in this research by using the misorientation parameters derived from an in situ EBSD technique. With the increase in plastic strain, the misorientation parameters, such as the Grain Reference Orientation Deviation (GROD), Grain Orientation Spread (GOS), the Grain Orientation Spread over the grain Diameter (GOS/D), and Geometrically Necessary Dislocation (GND) density presented a growing trend. Nevertheless, the variation in GROD did not show a monotony trend, and the relative increase in the amplitude of GOS and GND density was less in the late plastic stage. Compared with the above parameters, the (GOS)/D exhibited a near-linear increase during the plastic tensile stage. As the specimen was stretched to a strain of 56.99%, the (GOS)/D increased 8.9 times compared with the original specimen. The results showed that the (GOS)/D parameter has the potential of becoming an indicator for the assessment of plastic damage in 316 steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of the Deformation and Failure of Engineering Metallic Materials)
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