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Coatings
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Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating
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Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2020) | Viewed by 30929

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Andrzej Zieliński

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Guest Editor
Biomaterials Division, Department of Materials Engineering and Bonding, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: titanium and its alloys; Co–Cr alloys; stainless steels; NiTi alloys; additive manufacturing; oxide coatings; phosphate coatings; hydroxyapatite and nanohydroxyapatite coatings; carbon nanotubes’ coatings; silicate coatings and bioglasses; chitosan coatings; deposition parameters; microstructure; morphology; topography; adhesion; mechanical properties; physical properties; chemical properties; biological properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I have a pleasure to invite you to this Special Issue of the “Coatings” journal to the subject “Recent Developments of Electrodeposited Coatings.” The electrodeposition of coatings is an essential technique known for a long time and still developed and implemented in new fields. In particular, I would like you to encourage to focus on two topics. The first topic is the biocoatings and the second the hybrid, gradient, and composite coatings, in both cases obtained by any of electrochemical techniques such as, e.g. electrocathodically-assisted deposition, electrophoretic deposition or micro-arc oxidation.  The biocoatings are chosen as they are a fundamental approach to adequately prepare the surface of metallic materials to enhance their biocompatibility and bioactivity, and their bonding to the tissues by strengthening the implant-bone interface. The hybrid gradient and composite coatings may constitute a random or structured mixture of different compounds resulting in a simultaneous increase of various physical, chemical or biological properties, as expected from the designed item.

There are different methods of deposition of coatings. The electrodeposition seems better than any other so far developed, as, e.g. CVD and PVD, plasma and air spraying, ion implantation, laser ablation, because the first coatings often bring out the best combination of properties, adjusting of technological properties, the possibility to precisely design and fabricate the coating. Even so, the electrodeposition has still some weaknesses as its use to entirely cover the bulk of metallic scaffolds. Therefore, it is the third topic mostly preferred on the considered subject. However, the possible manuscripts are not in any way restricted to those three topics.

The best manuscript of each month, till the end of this Special Issue, will be entitled to the 50% discount.

text

Prof. D.Sc. Dr. Andrzej Zielinski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 168 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating
by Andrzej Zielinski
Coatings 2021, 11(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020142 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
Coatings are one of the forms of surface modifications of several parts produced in many branches of industry and daily life [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

10 pages, 4845 KiB  
Article
Nanotubular Oxide Layer Formed on Helix Surfaces of Dental Screw Implants
by Magdalena Jażdżewska and Michał Bartmański
Coatings 2021, 11(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020115 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1502
Abstract
Surface modification is used to extend the life of implants. To increase the corrosion resistance and improve the biocompatibility of metal implant materials, oxidation of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr titanium alloy was used. The samples used for the research had the shape of a helix [...] Read more.
Surface modification is used to extend the life of implants. To increase the corrosion resistance and improve the biocompatibility of metal implant materials, oxidation of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr titanium alloy was used. The samples used for the research had the shape of a helix with a metric thread, with their geometry imitating a dental implant. The oxide layer was produced by a standard electrochemical method in an environment of 1M H3PO4 + 0.3% HF for 20 min, at a constant voltage of 30 V. The oxidized samples were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. Nanotubular oxide layers with internal diameters of 30–80 nm were found. An analysis of the surface topography was performed using an optical microscope, and the Sa parameter was determined for the top of the helix and for the bottom, where a significant difference in value was observed. The presence of the modification layer, visible at the bottom of the helix, was confirmed by analyzing the sample cross-sections using computed tomography. Corrosion tests performed in the artificial saliva solution demonstrated higher corrosion current and less noble corrosion potential due to incomplete surface coverage and pitting. Necessary improved oxidation parameters will be applied in future work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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10 pages, 2023 KiB  
Communication
Degradation Resistance and In Vitro Cytocompatibility of Iron-Containing Coatings Developed on WE43 Magnesium Alloy by Micro-Arc Oxidation
by Rongfa Zhang, Zeyu Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Rongfang Zhao, Shufang Zhang, Xiaoting Shi, Guoqiang Li, Zhiyong Chen and Ying Zhao
Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111138 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1832
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an important trace element for life and plays vital functions in maintaining human health. In order to simultaneously endow magnesium alloy with good degradation resistance, improved cytocompatibility, and the proper Fe amount for the body accompanied with degradation of Mg [...] Read more.
Iron (Fe) is an important trace element for life and plays vital functions in maintaining human health. In order to simultaneously endow magnesium alloy with good degradation resistance, improved cytocompatibility, and the proper Fe amount for the body accompanied with degradation of Mg alloy, Fe-containing ceramic coatings were fabricated on WE43 Mg alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in a nearly neutral pH solution with added 0, 6, 12, and 18 g/L ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeY). The results show that compared with the bare Mg alloy, the MAO samples with developed Fe-containing ceramic coatings significantly improve the degradation resistance and in vitro cytocompatibility. Fe in anodic coatings is mainly present as Fe2O3. The increased NaFeY concentration favorably contributes to the enhancement of Fe content but is harmful to the degradation resistance of MAO coatings. Our study reveals that the developed Fe-containing MAO coating on Mg alloy exhibits potential in clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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14 pages, 2469 KiB  
Article
The Mechanisms of Degradation of Titanium Dental Implants
by Agnieszka Ossowska and Andrzej Zieliński
Coatings 2020, 10(9), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090836 - 28 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2948
Abstract
Titanium dental implants show very good properties, unfortunately there are still issues regarding material wear due to corrosion, implant loosening, as well as biological factors—allergic reactions and inflammation leading to rejection of the implanted material. In order to avoid performing reimplantation operations, changes [...] Read more.
Titanium dental implants show very good properties, unfortunately there are still issues regarding material wear due to corrosion, implant loosening, as well as biological factors—allergic reactions and inflammation leading to rejection of the implanted material. In order to avoid performing reimplantation operations, changes in the chemical composition and/or modifications of the surface layer of the materials are used. This research is aimed at explaining the possible mechanisms of titanium dissolution and the role of oxide coating, and its damage, in the enhancement of the corrosion process. The studies of new and used implants were made by scanning electron microscopy and computer tomography. The long-term chemical dissolution of rutile was studied in Ringer’s solution and artificial saliva at various pH levels and room temperature. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) conjugated plasma ion spectrometry was used to determine the number of dissolved titanium ions in the solutions. The obtained results demonstrated the extremely low dissolution rate of rutile, slightly increasing along with pH. The diffusion calculations showed that the diffusion of titanium through the oxide layer at human body temperature is negligible. The obtained results indicate that the surface damage followed by titanium dissolution is initiated at the defects caused by either the manufacturing process or implantation surgery. At a low thickness of titanium oxide coating, there is a stepwise appearance and development of cracks that forms corrosion tunnels within the oxide coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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15 pages, 4053 KiB  
Article
Metal Foam Electrode as a Cathode for Copper Electrowinning
by Modestas Vainoris, Henrikas Cesiulis and Natalia Tsyntsaru
Coatings 2020, 10(9), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090822 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3694
Abstract
The geometry of porous materials is complex, and the determination of the true surface area is important because it affects current density, how certain reactions will progress, their rates, etc. In this work, we have investigated the dependence of the electrochemical deposition of [...] Read more.
The geometry of porous materials is complex, and the determination of the true surface area is important because it affects current density, how certain reactions will progress, their rates, etc. In this work, we have investigated the dependence of the electrochemical deposition of copper coatings on the geometry of the copper substrate (flat plates or 3D foams). Chronoamperometric measurements show that copper deposition occurs 3 times faster on copper foams than on a flat electrode with the same geometric area in the same potential range, making metal foams great electrodes for electrowinning. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the mechanism of copper deposition was determined at various concentrations and potentials, and the capacities of the double electric layer (DL) for both types of electrodes were calculated. The DL capacity on the foam electrodes is up to 14 times higher than that on the plates. From EIS data, it was determined that the charge transfer resistance on the Cu foam electrode is 1.5–1.7 times lower than that on the Cu plate electrode. Therefore, metal foam electrodes are great candidates to be used for processes that are controlled by activation polarization or by the adsorption of intermediate compounds (heterogeneous catalysis) and processes occurring on the entire surface of the electrode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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24 pages, 5068 KiB  
Article
Effects of Micro-Arc Oxidation Process Parameters on Characteristics of Calcium-Phosphate Containing Oxide Layers on the Selective Laser Melted Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy
by Magda Dziaduszewska, Masaya Shimabukuro, Tomasz Seramak, Andrzej Zielinski and Takao Hanawa
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080745 - 30 Jul 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3580
Abstract
Titania-based films on selective laser melted Ti13Zr13Nb have been formed by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) at different process parameters (voltage, current, processing time) in order to evaluate the impact of MAO process parameters in calcium and phosphate (Ca + P) containing electrolyte on surface [...] Read more.
Titania-based films on selective laser melted Ti13Zr13Nb have been formed by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) at different process parameters (voltage, current, processing time) in order to evaluate the impact of MAO process parameters in calcium and phosphate (Ca + P) containing electrolyte on surface characteristic, early-stage bioactivity, nanomechanical properties, and adhesion between the oxide coatings and substrate. The surface topography, surface roughness, pore diameter, elemental composition, crystal structure, surface wettability, and the early stage-bioactivity in Hank’s solution were evaluated for all coatings. Hardness, maximum indent depth, Young’s modulus, and Ecoating/Esubstrate, H/E, H3/E2 ratios were determined in the case of nanomechanical evaluation while the MAO coating adhesion properties were estimated by the scratch test. The study indicated that the most important parameter of MAO process influencing the coating characteristic is voltage. Due to the good ratio of structural and nanomechanical properties of the coatings, the optimal conditions of MAO process were found at 300 V during 15 min, at 32 mA or 50 mA of current, which resulted in the predictable structure, high Ca/P ratio, high hydrophilicity, the highest demonstrated early-stage bioactivity, better nanomechanical properties, the elastic modulus and hardness well close to the values characteristic for bones, as compared to specimens treated at a lower voltage (200 V) and uncoated substrate, as well as a higher critical load of adhesion and total delamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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20 pages, 3384 KiB  
Article
Influence of Two-Stage Anodization on Properties of the Oxide Coatings on the Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy
by Agnieszka Ossowska, Andrzej Zieliński, Jean-Marc Olive, Andrzej Wojtowicz and Piotr Szweda
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080707 - 22 Jul 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2890
Abstract
The increasing demand for titanium and its alloys used for implants results in the need for innovative surface treatments that may both increase corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and demonstrate antibacterial protection at no cytotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to characterize the [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for titanium and its alloys used for implants results in the need for innovative surface treatments that may both increase corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and demonstrate antibacterial protection at no cytotoxicity. The purpose of this research was to characterize the effect of two-stage anodization—performed for 30 min in phosphoric acid—in the presence of hydrofluoric acid in the second stage. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, nanoindentation and nano-scratch tests, potentiodynamic corrosion studies, and water contact angle measurements were performed to characterize microstructure, mechanical, chemical and physical properties. The biologic examinations were carried out to determine the cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects of oxide coatings. The research results demonstrate that two-stage oxidation affects several features and, in particular, improves mechanical and chemical behavior. The processes influencing the formation and properties of the oxide coating are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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19 pages, 5775 KiB  
Article
Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterization of Chitosan/Eudragit E 100 Coatings on Titanium Substrate
by Łukasz Pawłowski, Michał Bartmański, Gabriel Strugała, Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń, Magdalena Jażdżewska and Andrzej Zieliński
Coatings 2020, 10(7), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070607 - 28 Jun 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3447
Abstract
Currently, a significant problem is the production of coatings for titanium implants, which will be characterized by mechanical properties comparable to those of a human bone, high corrosion resistance, and low degradation rate in the body fluids. This paper aims to describe the [...] Read more.
Currently, a significant problem is the production of coatings for titanium implants, which will be characterized by mechanical properties comparable to those of a human bone, high corrosion resistance, and low degradation rate in the body fluids. This paper aims to describe the properties of novel chitosan/Eudragit E 100 (chit/EE100) coatings deposited on titanium grade 2 substrate by the electrophoretic technique (EPD). The deposition was carried out for different parameters like the content of EE100, time of deposition, and applied voltage. The microstructure, surface roughness, chemical and phase composition, wettability, mechanical and electrochemical properties, and degradation rate at different pH were examined in comparison to chitosan coating without the addition of Eudragit E 100. The applied deposition parameters significantly influenced the morphology of the coatings. The chit/EE100 coating with the highest homogeneity was obtained for Eudragit content of 0.25 g, at 10 V, and for 1 min. Young’s modulus of this sample (24.77 ± 5.50 GPa) was most comparable to that of human cortical bone. The introduction of Eudragit E 100 into chitosan coatings significantly reduced their degradation rate in artificial saliva at neutral pH while maintaining high sensitivity to pH changes. The chit/EE100 coatings showed a slightly lower corrosion resistance compared to the chitosan coating, however, significantly exceeding the substrate corrosion resistance. All prepared coatings were characterized by hydrophilicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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13 pages, 3195 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Properties of the Hybrid and Bilayer MWCNTs—Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti Alloy
by Beata Majkowska-Marzec, Dorota Rogala-Wielgus, Michał Bartmański, Bartosz Bartosewicz and Andrzej Zieliński
Coatings 2019, 9(10), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100643 - 04 Oct 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3086
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are proposed for reinforcement of the hydroxyapatite coatings to improve their adhesion, resistance to mechanical loads, biocompatibility, bioactivity, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial protection. So far, research has shown that all these properties are highly susceptible to the composition and microstructure of [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes are proposed for reinforcement of the hydroxyapatite coatings to improve their adhesion, resistance to mechanical loads, biocompatibility, bioactivity, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial protection. So far, research has shown that all these properties are highly susceptible to the composition and microstructure of coatings. The present research is aimed at studies of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in three different combinations: multi-wall carbon nanotubes layer, bilayer coating composed of multi-wall carbon nanotubes deposited on nanohydroxyapatite deposit, and hybrid coating comprised of simultaneously deposited nanohydroxyapatite, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, nanosilver, and nanocopper. The electrophoretic deposition method was applied for the fabrication of the coatings. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray electron diffraction spectroscopy, and measurements of water contact angle were applied to study the chemical and phase composition, roughness, adhesion strength and wettability of the coatings. The results show that the pure multi-wall carbon nanotubes layer possesses the best adhesion strength, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. Such behavior may be attributed to the applied deposition method, resulting in the high hardness of the coating and high adhesion of carbon nanotubes to the substrate. On the other hand, bilayer coating, and hybrid coating demonstrated insufficient properties, which could be the reason for the presence of soft porous hydroxyapatite and some agglomerates of nanometals in prepared coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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Review

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32 pages, 596 KiB  
Review
Electrodeposited Biocoatings, Their Properties and Fabrication Technologies: A Review
by Andrzej Zielinski and Michal Bartmanski
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080782 - 12 Aug 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4570
Abstract
Coatings deposited under an electric field are applied for the surface modification of biomaterials. This review is aimed to characterize the state-of-art in this area with an emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of used methods, process determinants, and properties of coatings. Over [...] Read more.
Coatings deposited under an electric field are applied for the surface modification of biomaterials. This review is aimed to characterize the state-of-art in this area with an emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of used methods, process determinants, and properties of coatings. Over 170 articles, published mainly during the last ten years, were chosen, and reviewed as the most representative. The most recent developments of metallic, ceramic, polymer, and composite electrodeposited coatings are described focusing on their microstructure and properties. The direct cathodic electrodeposition, pulse cathodic deposition, electrophoretic deposition, plasma electrochemical oxidation in electrolytes rich in phosphates and calcium ions, electro-spark, and electro-discharge methods are characterized. The effects of electrolyte composition, potential and current, pH, and temperature are discussed. The review demonstrates that the most popular are direct and pulse cathodic electrodeposition and electrophoretic deposition. The research is mainly aimed to introduce new coatings rather than to investigate the effects of process parameters on the properties of deposits. So far tests aim to enhance bioactivity, mechanical strength and adhesion, antibacterial efficiency, and to a lesser extent the corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Electrodeposition Coating)
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