Autism Spectrum Disorder in School-Aged Children: Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 June 2026 | Viewed by 310

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
2. Centro de Atención Integral al Autismo (InFoAutismo), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
3. Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
4. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
Interests: autism; broader autism phenotype; neurodevelopmental disorders; school-aged children; screening; diagnosis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex, lifelong neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests. During the school-age years, children and youth with ASD encounter unique challenges as they navigate increasingly demanding academic, social, and adaptive environments. Timely identification, comprehensive assessment, and accurate clinical diagnosis are therefore critical to optimizing developmental and educational outcomes. However, significant practice gaps persist across educational, clinical, and community settings.

This Special Issue aims to bring together current scientific research and expert perspectives to advance the understanding of ASD during this pivotal developmental period.

Importantly, this issue also emphasizes the need to extend systematic screening and assessment to preteens and adolescents, groups who may have gone undetected in early childhood screening programs or whose needs evolve significantly during the transition to middle and high school. Identification at these later developmental stages is essential for addressing co-occurring conditions, adapting to shifting social demands and academic pressures, and supporting self-awareness, mental health, and adaptive functioning during adolescence.

Research areas of interest may include, but are not limited to, the following: screening and identification, tool development and cultural adaptation, assessment, intervention and support, and equity and access.

Dr. Clara J Fernández-Álvarez
Prof. Dr. Simona De Stasio
Prof. Dr. Carmen Berenguer
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • autism
  • autism spectrum disorder
  • ASD
  • neurodevelopmental disorders
  • autism screening
  • school-aged children
  • assessment
  • diagnosis

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

13 pages, 3757 KB  
Article
Sensitivity and Specificity of Common Autism Diagnostic Instruments for Early School-Aged Children
by Maya J. Golden, Georgios Sideridis, Ellen Hanson, Stephanie J. Brewster, William Barbaresi and Elizabeth Harstad
Children 2026, 13(5), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13050680 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of two commonly used diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), in comparison to a best-estimate (BE) diagnosis made by a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of two commonly used diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), in comparison to a best-estimate (BE) diagnosis made by a research psychologist. Methods: Two hundred and thirteen children aged 5 years 0 months to 7 years 11 months completed a comprehensive research assessment that included multiple diagnostic measures. Once each research assessment was complete, a research psychologist gave each participant an overall BE research diagnosis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) ASD based on all available information from diagnostic testing and behavioral observations during testing. We assessed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of both the ADOS-2 and ADI-R separately and in combination and used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to compare the areas under the curve (AUCs) of these instruments. Results: Both the ADOS-2 Spectrum Criterion scoring (sensitivity = 96.2%; specificity = 97.5%) and ADOS-2 Autism Criterion scoring (sensitivity = 82.0%; specificity = 100%) had excellent accuracy in comparison to the BE ASD diagnosis. The ADI-R had good accuracy (sensitivity = 78.6%; specificity = 83.5%) compared to BE ASD diagnosis. In receiver operating curve analyses, both scoring criteria for ADOS-2 were significantly more accurate than the ADI-R. Conclusions: Overall, both instruments provide good, if not excellent, classification accuracies when used individually, as well as in combination. Thus, when deciding which measures to use for ASD research, other factors should also be considered. Full article
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