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Chemosensors
Special Issues
Printed Chemical Sensors
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Printed Chemical Sensors

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 27492

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Felippe Pavinatto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Washington Clean Energy Testbeds, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Interests: advanced manufacturing; printed electronics; printed (bio)sensors; printed energy devices and scalable manufacturing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chemical sensors are already mass-produced and are indispensable devices, for instance, in the environmental, agricultural, and medical fields, where molecules of great relevance like carbon monoxide, ammonia, and glucose are rapidly detected and quantified in situ. Obviously, this widespread use of sensors is of great interest in many other areas in which fast and reliable real-time monitoring is key, such as food and water safety, air pollution control or point-of-care diagnosis. For these applications (and many others), there are already a myriad of highly functional materials and sensing technologies described in the scientific and patent literature. However, they typically rely on fabrication methods that are not scalable and hence have low commercialization potential.

Advanced manufacturing methods have been receiving great attention in recent years due to the fact that they employ mainly low-temperature, low-pressure conditions and green chemicals for the fabrication of chemical sensors through solution-processing. More specifically, printing techniques are attractive since they are compatible with large-scale manufacturing and have been in use in industry for hundreds of years. Most printing techniques use environmentally friendly inks and simple instrumentation and are compatible with plastic substrates, thus enabling the fabrication of flexible devices. Perhaps the best example of the use of printing for the fabrication of commercial (bio)sensors is the glucose strip, the most successful biosensor in the market, which is in part manufactured by screen-printing.

In this Special Issue, we will publish a collection of manuscripts that describe the latest advances on the use of printing to fabricate chemical sensors. New materials and technologies will be reported, and focus will be given to the scalable aspect of sensor manufacturing. Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Functional (bio)inks
  • Printed active layers and recognition elements
  • Inkjet-printed components and devices
  • High-throughput printed films for chemical sensing
  • Screen-printing, gravure-printing, flexography, and slot-die coating for chemical sensors manufacturing
  • Roll-to-roll (R2R) printed sensors
  • Flexible chemical sensors
  • Paper-based printed sensors
  • 3D-printed and microfluidic-based chemical sensors

Dr. Felippe Pavinatto
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Chemosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 3899 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of a 3D-Printed Porous Junction for Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl Reference Electrode
by Sarah May Sibug-Torres, Lance P. Go and Erwin P. Enriquez
Chemosensors 2020, 8(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040130 - 13 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4041
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing method that is attracting increased interest in the development of miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems due to its versatility, low cost, reproducibility, and capability for rapid prototyping. A key component of miniaturized electrochemical systems is the [...] Read more.
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing method that is attracting increased interest in the development of miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems due to its versatility, low cost, reproducibility, and capability for rapid prototyping. A key component of miniaturized electrochemical systems is the reference electrode (RE). However, reports of the fabrication of a true 3D-printed RE that exhibits stability to variations in the sample matrix remain limited. In this work, we report the development and characterization of a 3D-printed Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl reference electrode (3D-RE). The RE was constructed using a Ag|AgCl wire and agar-KCl layer housed in a watertight 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) casing. The novel feature of our electrode is a 3D-printed porous junction that protects the gel electrolyte layer from chloride ion leakage and test sample contamination while maintaining electrical contact with the sample solution. By tuning the 3D printing filament extrusion ratio (k), the porosity of the junction was adjusted to balance the reference electrode potential stability and impedance. The resulting 3D-RE demonstrated a stable potential, with a potential drift of 4.55 ± 0.46 mV over a 12-h period of continuous immersion in 0.1 M KCl, and a low impedance of 0.50 ± 0.11 kΩ. The 3D-RE was also insensitive to variations in the sample matrix and maintained a stable potential for at least 30 days under proper storage in 3 M KCl. We demonstrate the application of this 3D-RE in cyclic voltammetry and in pH sensing coupled with electrodeposited iridium oxide on a gold electrode. Our method offers a viable strategy for 3D printing a customizable true reference electrode that can be readily fabricated on demand and integrated into 3D-printed miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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14 pages, 4082 KiB  
Article
Fully Printed Disposable IoT Soil Moisture Sensors for Precision Agriculture
by Tomáš Syrový, Robert Vik, Silvan Pretl, Lucie Syrová, Jiří Čengery, Aleš Hamáček, Lubomír Kubáč and Ladislav Menšík
Chemosensors 2020, 8(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040125 - 06 Dec 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4074
Abstract
Digitization of industrial processes using new technologies (IoT—Internet of Things, IoE—Internet of Everything), including the agriculture industry, are globally gaining growing interest. The precise management of production inputs is essential for many agricultural companies because limited or expensive sources of water and nutrients [...] Read more.
Digitization of industrial processes using new technologies (IoT—Internet of Things, IoE—Internet of Everything), including the agriculture industry, are globally gaining growing interest. The precise management of production inputs is essential for many agricultural companies because limited or expensive sources of water and nutrients could make sustainable production difficult. For these reasons, precise data from fields, plants, and greenhouses have become more important for decision making and for the proper dosage of water and nutrients. On the market are a variety of sensors for monitoring environmental parameters within a precise agricultural area. However, the high price, data storage/transfer functionality are limiting so cost-effective products capable to transfer data directly to farmers via wireless IoT networks are required. Within a given scope, low-price sensor elements with an appropriate level of sensor response are required. In the presented paper, we have developed fully printed sensor elements and a dedicated measuring/communicating unit for IoT monitoring of soil moisture. Various fabrication printing techniques and a variety of materials were used. From the performed study, it is obvious that fully printed sensor elements based on cheap and environmentally friendly carbon layers printed on the wood substrate can compete with conventionally made sensors based on copper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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14 pages, 4412 KiB  
Article
Fully Printed Flexible Chemiresistors with Tunable Selectivity Based on Gold Nanoparticles
by Bendix Ketelsen, Patrick P. Tjarks, Hendrik Schlicke, Ying-Chih Liao and Tobias Vossmeyer
Chemosensors 2020, 8(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040116 - 18 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2951
Abstract
This study presents a method for printing flexible chemiresistors comprising thin film transducers based on cross-linked gold nanoparticles (GNPs). First, interdigitated silver paste electrodes are printed onto polyimide (PI) foil via dispenser printing. Second, coatings of GNPs and dithiol/monothiol blends are inkjet-printed onto [...] Read more.
This study presents a method for printing flexible chemiresistors comprising thin film transducers based on cross-linked gold nanoparticles (GNPs). First, interdigitated silver paste electrodes are printed onto polyimide (PI) foil via dispenser printing. Second, coatings of GNPs and dithiol/monothiol blends are inkjet-printed onto these electrode structures. 1,9-Nonanedithiol (9DT) is used as cross-linking agent and a variety of monothiols are added to tune the sensors’ chemical selectivity. When dosing these sensors with different analyte vapors (n-octane, toluene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-butanol, 1-propanol, ethanol, water; concentration range: 25–2000 ppm) they show fully reversible responses with short response and recovery times. The response isotherms follow a first-order Langmuir model, and their initial slopes reveal sensitivities of up to 4.5 × 10−5 ppm−1. Finally, it is demonstrated that arrays of printed sensors can be used to clearly discern analytes of different polarity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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18 pages, 2363 KiB  
Article
Voltammetric Determination of Phenylalanine Using Chemically Modified Screen-Printed Based Sensors
by Ancuta Dinu and Constantin Apetrei
Chemosensors 2020, 8(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040113 - 12 Nov 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3088
Abstract
This paper describes the sensitive properties of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified by using three different electroactive chemical compounds: Meldola’s Blue, Cobalt Phthalocyanine and Prussian Blue, respectively. It was demonstrated that the Prussian Blue (PB) modified SPCE presented electrochemical signals with the highest [...] Read more.
This paper describes the sensitive properties of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified by using three different electroactive chemical compounds: Meldola’s Blue, Cobalt Phthalocyanine and Prussian Blue, respectively. It was demonstrated that the Prussian Blue (PB) modified SPCE presented electrochemical signals with the highest performances in terms of electrochemical process kinetics and sensitivity in all the solutions analyzed. PB-SPCE was demonstrated to detect Phe through the influence it exerts on the redox processes of PB. The PB-SPCE calibration have shown a linearity range of 0.33–14.5 µM, a detection limit (LOD) of 1.23 × 10−8 M and the standard deviation relative to 3%. The PB-SPCE sensor was used to determine Phe by means of calibration and standard addition techniques on pure samples, on simple pharmaceutical samples or on multicomponent pharmaceutical samples. Direct determination of the concentration of 4 × 10−6–5 × 10−5 M Phe in KCl solution showed that the analytical recovery falls in the range of 99.75–100.28%, and relative standard deviations in the range of 2.28–3.02%. The sensors were successfully applied to determine the Phe in pharmaceuticals. The validation of the method was performed by using the FTIR, and by comparing the results obtained by PB-SPCE in the analysis of three pharmaceutical products of different concentrations with those indicated by the producer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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11 pages, 4077 KiB  
Article
Flexible Carbon Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol-A, Hydroquinone and Catechol in Water Samples
by Acelino C. de Sá, Simone C. Barbosa, Paulo A. Raymundo-Pereira, Deivy Wilson, Flávio M. Shimizu, Maria Raposo and Osvaldo N. Oliveira, Jr.
Chemosensors 2020, 8(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040103 - 17 Oct 2020
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5051
Abstract
The detection of pollutant traces in the public water supply and aquifers is essential for the safety of the population. In this article, we demonstrate that a simple electrochemical procedure in acidic solution can be employed for enhancing the sensitivity of flexible screen-printed [...] Read more.
The detection of pollutant traces in the public water supply and aquifers is essential for the safety of the population. In this article, we demonstrate that a simple electrochemical procedure in acidic solution can be employed for enhancing the sensitivity of flexible screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) to detect bisphenol-A (BPA), hydroquinone, and catechol, simultaneously. The SPEs were pretreated electrochemically in a H2SO4 solution, which did not affect their morphology, yielding high current signals with well separated oxidation peaks. The sensitivity values were 0.28, 0.230, and 0.056 µA L µmol−1 with detection limits of 0.12, 0.82, and 0.95 µmol L−1 for hydroquinone, catechol, and BPA, respectively. The sensors were reproducible and selective for detecting BPA in plastic cups, and with adequate specificity not to be affected by interferents from water samples. The simple, inexpensive, and flexible SPE may thus be used to detect emerging pollutants and monitor the water quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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13 pages, 4499 KiB  
Article
Additive Manufacturing of a Flexible Carbon Monoxide Sensor Based on a SnO2-Graphene Nanoink
by Jialin Zuo, Sean Tavakoli, Deepakkrishna Mathavakrishnan, Taichong Ma, Matthew Lim, Brandon Rotondo, Peter Pauzauskie, Felippe Pavinatto and Devin MacKenzie
Chemosensors 2020, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8020036 - 28 May 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4495
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is an odorless toxic combustion product that rapidly accumulates inside ordinary places, causing serious risks to human health. Hence, the quick detection of CO generation is of great interest. To meet this need, high-performance sensing units have been developed [...] Read more.
Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is an odorless toxic combustion product that rapidly accumulates inside ordinary places, causing serious risks to human health. Hence, the quick detection of CO generation is of great interest. To meet this need, high-performance sensing units have been developed and are commercially available, with the vast majority making use of semiconductor transduction media. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time a fabrication protocol for arrays of printed flexible CO sensors based on a printable semiconductor catalyst-decorated reduced graphene oxide sensor media. These sensors operate at room temperature with a fast response and are deposited using high-throughput printing and coating methods on thin flexible substrates. With the use of a modified solvothermal aerogel process, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets were decorated with tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoscale deposits. X-ray diffraction data were used to show the composition of the material, and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization showed the bonding status of the sensing material. Moreover, a very uniform distribution of particles was observed in scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. For the fabrication of the sensors, silver (Ag) interdigitated electrodes were inkjet-printed from nanoparticle inks on plastic substrates with 100 µm linewidths and then coated with the SnO2-rGO nanocomposite by inkjet or slot-die coating, followed by a thermal treatment to further reduce the rGO. The detection of 50 ppm of CO in nitrogen was demonstrated for the devices with a slot-die coated active layer. A response of 15%, response time of 4.5 s, and recovery time of 12 s were recorded for these printed sensors, which is superior to other previously reported sensors operating at room temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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10 pages, 2946 KiB  
Article
Microfluidic Mixer with Automated Electrode Switching for Sensing Applications
by Maria L. Braunger, Igor Fier, Varlei Rodrigues, Paulo E. Arratia and Antonio Riul, Jr.
Chemosensors 2020, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8010013 - 21 Feb 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2929
Abstract
An electronic tongue (e-tongue) is a multisensory system usually applied to complex liquid media that uses computational/statistical tools to group information generated by sensing units into recognition patterns, which allow the identification/distinction of samples. Different types of e-tongues have been previously reported, including [...] Read more.
An electronic tongue (e-tongue) is a multisensory system usually applied to complex liquid media that uses computational/statistical tools to group information generated by sensing units into recognition patterns, which allow the identification/distinction of samples. Different types of e-tongues have been previously reported, including microfluidic devices. In this context, the integration of passive mixers inside microchannels is of great interest for the study of suppression/enhancement of sensorial/chemical effects in the pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries. In this study, we present developments using a stereolithography technique to fabricate microfluidic devices using 3D-printed molds for elastomers exploring the staggered herringbone passive mixer geometry. The fabricated devices (microchannels plus mixer) are then integrated into an e-tongue system composed of four sensing units assembled on a single printed circuit board (PCB). Gold-plated electrodes are designed as an integral part of the PCB electronic circuitry for a highly automated platform by enabling faster analysis and increasing the potential for future use in commercial applications. Following previous work, the e-tongue sensing units are built functionalizing gold electrodes with layer-by-layer (LbL) films. Our results show that the system is capable of (i) covering basic tastes below the human gustative perception and (ii) distinguishing different suppression effects coming from the mixture of both strong and weak electrolytes. This setup allows for triplicate measurements in 12 electrodes, which represents four complete sensing units, by automatically switching all electrodes without any physical interaction with the sensor. The result is a fast and reliable data acquisition system, which comprises a suitable solution for monitoring, sequential measurements, and database formation, being less susceptible to human errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Printed Chemical Sensors)
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