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Catalysts
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Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters
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Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 27488

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Valeria Di Sarli

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Guest Editor
Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
Interests: catalytic gasoline particulate filters; catalytic diesel particulate filters; design of novel catalytic and hybrid (homogeneous-heterogeneous) micro-combustors; explosions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As is known, catalytic (i.e., catalyst-coated) particulate filters are the best option for removing particulate matter, which is mostly composed of soot, from both diesel and gasoline (direct injection) engine exhausts. Soot particles are trapped in the filter via filtration, and then eliminated via oxidation, i.e., filter regeneration. The catalytic coating of the filter walls allows to achieve soot oxidation at temperatures lower than those required by the thermal regeneration of the uncoated filter, and/or to shorten the regeneration time period, thus saving energy. In addition, in the presence of a catalyst, it is possible to increase the selectivity to CO2, and also to avoid uncontrolled soot combustion that can lead to the formation of excessively hot regions, causing irreversible damage to the filter.

Although diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) have the same design, there are substantial differences between diesel and gasoline soot in terms of morphology, composition, and reactivity. In addition, the conditions for soot oxidation (in terms of soot load, temperature, oxygen concentration, presence/absence of NOx, etc.) strongly differ between DPFs and GPFs. These differences make soot oxidation catalysts developed for DPFs unsuitable for GPFs, and vice versa. In addition, they significantly affect both processes of filtration and regeneration.

This Special Issue aims at exploring recent advances and open issues in the field of catalytic DPFs and GPFs. A special emphasis will be placed on the synthesis and characterization of novel catalysts for soot oxidation under DPF and GPF conditions. However, all fundamental and applicative challenges related to the trapping of soot particles and their oxidation in the catalytic filter will also be highlighted. Authors with expertise in these topics are cordially invited to submit their manuscripts to this Special Issue of the journal Catalysts. Significant original papers and review articles, from both academia and industry, are welcome. Manuscripts addressing comparative diesel-gasoline aspects are particularly appreciated.

Dr. Valeria Di Sarli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

diesel engines; gasoline direct injection engines; diesel particulate filters; gasoline particulate filters; soot; catalysts for soot oxidation: powders and coated particulate filters; kinetics of catalytic soot oxidation; filtration; filter regeneration; soot-catalyst contact; soot-catalyst-flow field interaction

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 179 KiB  
Editorial
Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters
by Valeria Di Sarli
Catalysts 2021, 11(9), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11091096 - 11 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1616
Abstract
I am honored to be the Guest Editor of this Special Issue of the journal Catalysts dedicated to “Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters” [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)

Research

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13 pages, 2507 KiB  
Article
Potential of Ceria-Zirconia-Based Materials in Carbon Soot Oxidation for Gasoline Particulate Filters
by Eleonora Aneggi and Alessandro Trovarelli
Catalysts 2020, 10(7), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10070768 - 9 Jul 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2556
Abstract
ZrO2 and Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 mixed oxides were prepared and tested in the oxidation of carbon soot at different oxygen partial pressures and degrees of catalyst/soot contact to investigate their activity under typical gasoline direct injection (GDI) operating conditions. [...] Read more.
ZrO2 and Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 mixed oxides were prepared and tested in the oxidation of carbon soot at different oxygen partial pressures and degrees of catalyst/soot contact to investigate their activity under typical gasoline direct injection (GDI) operating conditions. Under reductive atmospheres, generation of oxygen vacancies occurs in Ce0.8Zr0.2O2, while no reduction is observed on ZrO2. Both materials can oxidize carbon under high oxygen partial pressures; however, at low oxygen partial pressures, the presence of carbon can contribute to the reduction of the catalyst and formation of oxygen vacancies, which can then be used for soot oxidation, increasing the overall performance. This mechanism is more efficient in Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 than ZrO2, and depends heavily on the interaction and the degree of contact between soot and catalyst. Thus, the ability to form oxygen vacancies at lower temperatures is particularly helpful to oxidize soot at low oxygen partial pressures, and with higher CO2 selectivity under conditions typically found in GDI engine exhaust gases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)
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16 pages, 10547 KiB  
Article
Nanostructured Equimolar Ceria-Praseodymia for Total Oxidations in Low-O2 Conditions
by Enrico Sartoretti, Fabio Martini, Marco Piumetti, Samir Bensaid, Nunzio Russo and Debora Fino
Catalysts 2020, 10(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10020165 - 1 Feb 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
A Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) can be an effective solution to abate the particulate matter produced in modern direct injection gasoline engines. The regeneration of this system is critical, since it occurs in oxygen deficiency, but it can be promoted by placing an [...] Read more.
A Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) can be an effective solution to abate the particulate matter produced in modern direct injection gasoline engines. The regeneration of this system is critical, since it occurs in oxygen deficiency, but it can be promoted by placing an appropriate catalyst on the filter walls. In this paper, a nanostructured equimolar ceria-praseodymia catalyst, obtained via hydrothermal synthesis, was characterized with complementary techniques (XRD, N2-physisorption, FESEM, XPS, Temperature Programmed Reduction, etc.) and its catalytic performances were investigated in low oxygen availability. Pr-doping significantly affected ceria structure and morphology, and the weakening of the cerium–oxygen bond associated to Pr insertion resulted in a high reducibility. The catalytic activity was explored considering different reactions, namely CO oxidation, ethylene and propylene total oxidation, and soot combustion. Thanks to its capability of releasing active oxygen species, ceria-praseodymia exhibited a remarkable activity and CO2-selectivity at low oxygen concentrations, proving to be a promising catalyst for coated GPFs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)
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18 pages, 5202 KiB  
Article
Laboratory and On-Road Evaluation of a GPF-Equipped Gasoline Vehicle
by Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa, Tero Lähde, Jelica Pavlovic, Victor Valverde, Michael Clairotte and Barouch Giechaskiel
Catalysts 2019, 9(8), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080678 - 9 Aug 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3828
Abstract
The introduction of a solid particle number limit for vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines resulted in a lot of research and improvements in this field in the last decade. The requirement to also fulfil the limit in the recently introduced real-driving [...] Read more.
The introduction of a solid particle number limit for vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines resulted in a lot of research and improvements in this field in the last decade. The requirement to also fulfil the limit in the recently introduced real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation led to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in European vehicle models. As the pre-standardisation research was based on engines, retrofitted vehicles and prototype vehicles, there is a need to better characterise the actual emissions of GPF-equipped GDI vehicles. In the present study we investigate one of the first mass production vehicles with GPF available in the European market. Regulated and non-regulated pollutants were measured over different test cycles and ambient temperatures (23 °C and −7 °C) in the laboratory and different on-road routes driven normally or dynamically and up to 1100 m altitude. The results showed that the vehicle respected all applicable limits. However, under certain conditions high emissions of some pollutants were measured (total hydrocarbons emissions at −7 °C, high CO during dynamic RDE tests and high NOx emissions in one dynamic RDE test). The particle number emissions, even including those below 23 nm, were lower than 6 × 1010 particles/km under all laboratory test cycles and on-road routes, which are <10% of the current laboratory limit (6 × 1011 particles/km). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)
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Review

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21 pages, 3380 KiB  
Review
Catalytic Materials for Gasoline Particulate Filters Soot Oxidation
by Roberto Matarrese
Catalysts 2021, 11(8), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11080890 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
The energy efficiency of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines is leading to a continuous increase in GDI engine vehicle population. Consequently, their particulate matter (soot) emissions are also becoming a matter of concern. As required for diesel engines, to meet the limits set [...] Read more.
The energy efficiency of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines is leading to a continuous increase in GDI engine vehicle population. Consequently, their particulate matter (soot) emissions are also becoming a matter of concern. As required for diesel engines, to meet the limits set by regulations, catalyzed particulate filters are considered as an effective solution through which soot could be trapped and burnt out. However, in contrast to diesel application, the regeneration of gasoline particulate filters (GPF) is critical, as it occurs with almost an absence of NOx and under oxygen deficiency. Therefore, in the recent years it was of scientific interest to develop efficient soot oxidation catalysts that fit such particular gasoline operating conditions. Among them ceria- and perovskite-based formulations are emerging as the most promising materials. This overview summarizes the very recent academic contributions focusing on soot oxidation materials for GDI, in order to point out the most promising directions in this research area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)
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16 pages, 4027 KiB  
Review
The Issue of Soot-Catalyst Contact in Regeneration of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters: A Critical Review
by Luciana Lisi, Gianluca Landi and Valeria Di Sarli
Catalysts 2020, 10(11), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10111307 - 12 Nov 2020
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5723
Abstract
Soot-catalyst contact represents the main critical issue for an effective regeneration of catalytic (i.e., catalyst-coated) diesel particulate filters (DPFs). Most of the literature reviews on this topic have mainly been focused on studies dealing with powdered soot-catalyst mixtures. Although the results obtained on [...] Read more.
Soot-catalyst contact represents the main critical issue for an effective regeneration of catalytic (i.e., catalyst-coated) diesel particulate filters (DPFs). Most of the literature reviews on this topic have mainly been focused on studies dealing with powdered soot-catalyst mixtures. Although the results obtained on powders surely provide significant indications, especially in terms of intrinsic activity of materials towards soot oxidation, they cannot be directly extended to DPFs due to completely different soot-catalyst contact conditions generated during filtration and subsequent regeneration. In this work, attention is devoted to catalytic DPFs and, more specifically, studies on both catalyst dispersion and soot distribution inside the filter are critically reviewed from the perspective of soot-catalyst contact optimization. The main conclusion drawn from the literature analysis is that, in order to fully exploit the potential of catalytic DPFs in soot abatement, both a widespread and homogeneous presence of catalyst in the macro-pores of the filter walls and a suitably low soot load are needed. Under optimal soot-catalyst contact conditions, the consequent decrease in the temperature required for soot oxidation to values within the temperature range of diesel exhausts suggests the passage to a continuous functioning mode for catalytic filters with simultaneous filtration and regeneration, thus overcoming the drawbacks of periodic regeneration performed in current applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)
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30 pages, 3434 KiB  
Review
European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Ameya Joshi, Leonidas Ntziachristos and Panagiota Dilara
Catalysts 2019, 9(7), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9070586 - 4 Jul 2019
Cited by 94 | Viewed by 7466
Abstract
The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the [...] Read more.
The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Diesel and Gasoline Particulate Filters)
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