Mental Images and the Brain: From Cognitive Neuropsychology to Functional Neuroimaging

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neuropsychology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 September 2026 | Viewed by 2314

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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
Interests: psychology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Evidence from animals and humans suggests that the visual representation of object properties (color, shape, texture, etc.) and spatial locations (where objects are in space, their relations and transformations) are subserved by two distinct pathways: the ventral visual pathway running from the occipital to the temporal lobes (the « what » pathway) and the dorsal visual pathway running from the occipital to the parietal lobes (the « where » pathway). These pathways are independent, but have reciprocal connections, which suggest that they may interact. The dorsal and ventral visual pathways are involved in visual mental imagery as well, although the overlap of deficits in visual perception and mental imagery is not always systematic. The involvment of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways in mental imagery, like in visual perception, has been demonstrated by studies of patients with brain lesions, functional brain imaging and purely behavioral studies in healthy participants. Research also appears to suggests a dissociation between object and spatial aphantasia or hyperphantasia. Through this callout, we would like to further our understanding of (1) the independence, communication or interdependence of the ventral and dorsal visual pathways in mental imagery; (2) the brain basis of visual mental imagery, especially but not exclusively, related to object properties mediated by the ventral visual pathway (as there are fewer studies, e.g., texture, etc.). We seek functional brain imaging studies in humans, studies of patients with brain lesions and of individuals with object or spatial aphantasia or hyperphantasia. We encourage, whenever possible, parallels to be drawn between visual perception and mental imagery. All paper formats (research studies, reviews, meta-analyses, etc.) are accepted.

Dr. Anna Maria Berardi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • mental imagery
  • visual perception
  • dorsal visual stream
  • ventral visual stream
  • object
  • spatial
  • brain lesion
  • functional brain imaging
  • aphantasia
  • hyperphantasia

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

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24 pages, 870 KB  
Review
Neuroradiological Insights into Visual Mental Imagery: Structural and Functional Imaging of Ventral and Dorsal Streams
by Saleha Redžepi, Edin Avdagić, Ajša Šahinović and Mirza Pojskić
Brain Sci. 2026, 16(4), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040345 - 24 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Visual mental imagery, the ability to generate and manipulate internal visual experiences without direct sensory input, links perception with memory, planning, and higher cognition. In this targeted narrative review, we synthesize neuroimaging and lesion evidence on the brain basis of visual imagery, with [...] Read more.
Visual mental imagery, the ability to generate and manipulate internal visual experiences without direct sensory input, links perception with memory, planning, and higher cognition. In this targeted narrative review, we synthesize neuroimaging and lesion evidence on the brain basis of visual imagery, with a focus on neuroradiological correlates of the ventral and dorsal visual pathways. Unlike prior cognitive neuroscience reviews that primarily emphasize functional mechanisms, this review is neuroradiology-oriented and integrates lesion patterns and white-matter disconnection to support clinico-radiological interpretation of imagery complaints. Using a dual-stream framework, we contrast ventral occipito-temporal systems that preferentially support object imagery (appearance-based features such as form, faces/objects, and color, with texture remaining under-studied) with dorsal occipito-parietal systems that preferentially support spatial imagery (relations, transformations, and navigation). Across studies, imagery recruitment is strongly task- and stage-dependent: ventral regions are most often engaged during object-focused imagery, whereas parietal regions are prominent during spatial transformation tasks, with evidence for interaction between pathways when demands require both content and spatial operations. Structural and clinico-radiological findings indicate that imagery impairment can arise from focal posterior lesions and posterior neurodegenerative syndromes but also from network disruption affecting long-range connections that support top-down access to posterior representations. Finally, emerging work on aphantasia and hyperphantasia supports a network-level view in which imagery vividness relates to how effectively higher-order systems engage visual representations. We conclude that standardized, stream-sensitive tasks and multimodal approaches combining functional and structural imaging with lesion-based evidence are key to discovering clinically actionable biomarkers of imagery dysfunction. Full article
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10 pages, 2287 KB  
Essay
Engineering Pareidolia: Mental Imagery, Perceptual Scaffolding, and Visual Creativity
by Alexis Demas
Brain Sci. 2026, 16(3), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16030321 - 17 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Pareidolia is often framed as a viewer-side illusion: a tendency to perceive meaningful forms—especially faces—in ambiguous inputs. This Concept Paper argues that pareidolia can also be deliberately engineered and therefore provides a tractable entry point into the neurophysiology of visual creativity. We propose [...] Read more.
Pareidolia is often framed as a viewer-side illusion: a tendency to perceive meaningful forms—especially faces—in ambiguous inputs. This Concept Paper argues that pareidolia can also be deliberately engineered and therefore provides a tractable entry point into the neurophysiology of visual creativity. We propose a unifying construct in which engineered pareidolia functions as externally scaffolded mental imagery: minimal visual constraints recruit internally generated templates and top-down inference while remaining anchored to sensory input. To strengthen theoretical rigor, we define necessary and sufficient features that distinguish this construct from adjacent accounts (scaffolded cognition; perceptual scaffolding; bistable perception). Using Arcimboldo’s composite portraits and Dürer’s embedded face in View of the Arco Valley, plus a canonical Renaissance example (Leonardo’s Bacchus/Saint John the Baptist), we outline distinct “design regimes” that modulate cue validity, attentional release, and interpretive switching. We then connect engineered pareidolia to creativity research by linking pareidolia design and detection to measurable constructs in divergent/creative perception, including but not limited to Torrance-style domains, and we propose feasible behavioral and neurophysiological paradigms that control for artistic skill and clinical status. Finally, we distinguish benign pareidolia from hallucination, discuss clinical resonance in dementia with Lewy bodies where pareidolia can be quantified, and outline an empirically testable research program that reframes pareidolia as a bridge between imagination, perception, and creativity. Full article
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